1 /**************************************************************************
2 * Copyright(c) 1998-1999, ALICE Experiment at CERN, All rights reserved. *
4 * Author: The ALICE Off-line Project. *
5 * Contributors are mentioned in the code where appropriate. *
7 * Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its *
8 * documentation strictly for non-commercial purposes is hereby granted *
9 * without fee, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all *
10 * copies and that both the copyright notice and this permission notice *
11 * appear in the supporting documentation. The authors make no claims *
12 * about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is *
13 * provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. *
14 **************************************************************************/
18 Revision 1.40 2003/04/08 08:14:53 morsch
19 AddTrackReference moved to AliModule.
21 Revision 1.39 2003/02/11 16:54:07 hristov
22 Updated AliTrackReference class (S.Radomski)
24 Revision 1.38 2003/01/31 11:41:06 cblume
25 Fix bug in StepManager in treating geometry with holes
27 Revision 1.37 2003/01/28 14:38:18 cblume
28 Add track length to track references
30 Revision 1.36 2002/11/21 22:38:47 alibrary
31 Removing AliMC and AliMCProcess
33 Revision 1.35 2002/10/14 14:57:44 hristov
34 Merging the VirtualMC branch to the main development branch (HEAD)
36 Revision 1.33.6.2 2002/07/24 10:09:31 alibrary
39 Revision 1.34 2002/06/13 08:11:56 cblume
40 Add the track references
42 Revision 1.33 2002/02/20 14:01:40 hristov
43 Compare a TString with a string, otherwise the conversion cannot be done on Sun
45 Revision 1.32 2002/02/13 16:58:37 cblume
46 Bug fix reported by Jiri. Make atoi input zero terminated in StepManager()
48 Revision 1.31 2002/02/11 14:25:27 cblume
49 Geometry update, compressed hit structure
51 Revision 1.30 2001/05/21 16:45:47 hristov
52 Last minute changes (C.Blume)
54 Revision 1.29 2001/05/16 14:57:28 alibrary
55 New files for folders and Stack
57 Revision 1.28 2001/05/07 08:03:22 cblume
58 Generate also hits in the amplification region
60 Revision 1.27 2001/03/30 14:40:15 cblume
61 Update of the digitization parameter
63 Revision 1.26 2000/11/30 17:38:08 cblume
64 Changes to get in line with new STEER and EVGEN
66 Revision 1.25 2000/11/15 14:30:16 cblume
67 Fixed bug in calculating detector no. of extra hit
69 Revision 1.24 2000/11/10 14:58:36 cblume
70 Introduce additional hit with amplitude 0 at the chamber borders
72 Revision 1.23 2000/11/01 14:53:21 cblume
73 Merge with TRD-develop
75 Revision 1.17.2.5 2000/10/15 23:40:01 cblume
78 Revision 1.17.2.4 2000/10/06 16:49:46 cblume
81 Revision 1.17.2.3 2000/10/04 16:34:58 cblume
82 Replace include files by forward declarations
84 Revision 1.17.2.2 2000/09/18 13:50:17 cblume
85 Include TR photon generation and adapt to new AliTRDhit
87 Revision 1.22 2000/06/27 13:08:50 cblume
88 Changed to Copy(TObject &A) to appease the HP-compiler
90 Revision 1.21 2000/06/09 11:10:07 cblume
91 Compiler warnings and coding conventions, next round
93 Revision 1.20 2000/06/08 18:32:58 cblume
94 Make code compliant to coding conventions
96 Revision 1.19 2000/06/07 16:27:32 cblume
97 Try to remove compiler warnings on Sun and HP
99 Revision 1.18 2000/05/08 16:17:27 cblume
102 Revision 1.17.2.1 2000/05/08 14:59:16 cblume
103 Made inline function non-virtual. Bug fix in setting sensitive chamber
105 Revision 1.17 2000/02/28 19:10:26 cblume
106 Include the new TRD classes
108 Revision 1.16.4.1 2000/02/28 18:04:35 cblume
109 Change to new hit version, introduce geometry class, and move digitization and clustering to AliTRDdigitizer/AliTRDclusterizerV1
111 Revision 1.16 1999/11/05 22:50:28 fca
112 Do not use Atan, removed from ROOT too
114 Revision 1.15 1999/11/02 17:20:19 fca
115 initialise nbytes before using it
117 Revision 1.14 1999/11/02 17:15:54 fca
118 Correct ansi scoping not accepted by HP compilers
120 Revision 1.13 1999/11/02 17:14:51 fca
121 Correct ansi scoping not accepted by HP compilers
123 Revision 1.12 1999/11/02 16:35:56 fca
124 New version of TRD introduced
126 Revision 1.11 1999/11/01 20:41:51 fca
127 Added protections against using the wrong version of FRAME
129 Revision 1.10 1999/09/29 09:24:35 fca
130 Introduction of the Copyright and cvs Log
134 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
136 // Transition Radiation Detector version 1 -- slow simulator //
140 <img src="picts/AliTRDfullClass.gif">
145 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
153 #include <TLorentzVector.h>
156 #include "AliConst.h"
158 #include "AliTRDv1.h"
159 #include "AliTRDhit.h"
160 #include "AliTRDmatrix.h"
161 #include "AliTRDgeometry.h"
162 #include "AliTRDsim.h"
166 //_____________________________________________________________________________
167 AliTRDv1::AliTRDv1():AliTRD()
170 // Default constructor
177 fSensSectorRange = 0;
184 //_____________________________________________________________________________
185 AliTRDv1::AliTRDv1(const char *name, const char *title)
189 // Standard constructor for Transition Radiation Detector version 1
196 fSensSectorRange = 0;
201 SetBufferSize(128000);
205 //_____________________________________________________________________________
206 AliTRDv1::AliTRDv1(const AliTRDv1 &trd)
212 ((AliTRDv1 &) trd).Copy(*this);
216 //_____________________________________________________________________________
217 AliTRDv1::~AliTRDv1()
220 // AliTRDv1 destructor
223 if (fDeltaE) delete fDeltaE;
228 //_____________________________________________________________________________
229 AliTRDv1 &AliTRDv1::operator=(const AliTRDv1 &trd)
232 // Assignment operator
235 if (this != &trd) ((AliTRDv1 &) trd).Copy(*this);
240 //_____________________________________________________________________________
241 void AliTRDv1::Copy(TObject &trd)
247 ((AliTRDv1 &) trd).fSensSelect = fSensSelect;
248 ((AliTRDv1 &) trd).fSensPlane = fSensPlane;
249 ((AliTRDv1 &) trd).fSensChamber = fSensChamber;
250 ((AliTRDv1 &) trd).fSensSector = fSensSector;
251 ((AliTRDv1 &) trd).fSensSectorRange = fSensSectorRange;
253 fDeltaE->Copy(*((AliTRDv1 &) trd).fDeltaE);
254 fTR->Copy(*((AliTRDv1 &) trd).fTR);
258 //_____________________________________________________________________________
259 void AliTRDv1::CreateGeometry()
262 // Create the GEANT geometry for the Transition Radiation Detector - Version 1
263 // This version covers the full azimuth.
266 // Check that FRAME is there otherwise we have no place where to put the TRD
267 AliModule* frame = gAlice->GetModule("FRAME");
270 // Define the chambers
271 AliTRD::CreateGeometry();
275 //_____________________________________________________________________________
276 void AliTRDv1::CreateMaterials()
279 // Create materials for the Transition Radiation Detector version 1
282 AliTRD::CreateMaterials();
286 //_____________________________________________________________________________
287 void AliTRDv1::CreateTRhit(Int_t det)
290 // Creates an electron cluster from a TR photon.
291 // The photon is assumed to be created a the end of the radiator. The
292 // distance after which it deposits its energy takes into account the
293 // absorbtion of the entrance window and of the gas mixture in drift
298 const Int_t kPdgElectron = 11;
301 const Float_t kWion = 22.04;
303 // Maximum number of TR photons per track
304 const Int_t kNTR = 50;
306 TLorentzVector mom, pos;
308 // Create TR at the entrance of the chamber
309 if (gMC->IsTrackEntering()) {
311 // Create TR only for electrons
312 Int_t iPdg = gMC->TrackPid();
313 if (TMath::Abs(iPdg) != kPdgElectron) return;
319 gMC->TrackMomentum(mom);
320 Float_t pTot = mom.Rho();
321 fTR->CreatePhotons(iPdg,pTot,nTR,eTR);
323 printf("AliTRDv1::CreateTRhit -- ");
324 printf("Boundary error: nTR = %d, kNTR = %d\n",nTR,kNTR);
328 // Loop through the TR photons
329 for (Int_t iTR = 0; iTR < nTR; iTR++) {
331 Float_t energyMeV = eTR[iTR] * 0.001;
332 Float_t energyeV = eTR[iTR] * 1000.0;
333 Float_t absLength = 0;
336 // Take the absorbtion in the entrance window into account
337 Double_t muMy = fTR->GetMuMy(energyMeV);
338 sigma = muMy * fFoilDensity;
339 absLength = gRandom->Exp(-sigma);
340 if (absLength < AliTRDgeometry::MyThick()) continue;
342 // The absorbtion cross sections in the drift gas
344 // Gas-mixture (Xe/CO2)
345 Double_t muXe = fTR->GetMuXe(energyMeV);
346 Double_t muCO = fTR->GetMuCO(energyMeV);
347 sigma = (0.85 * muXe + 0.15 * muCO) * fGasDensity;
350 // Gas-mixture (Xe/Isobutane)
351 Double_t muXe = fTR->GetMuXe(energyMeV);
352 Double_t muBu = fTR->GetMuBu(energyMeV);
353 sigma = (0.97 * muXe + 0.03 * muBu) * fGasDensity;
356 // The distance after which the energy of the TR photon
358 absLength = gRandom->Exp(-sigma);
359 if (absLength > AliTRDgeometry::DrThick()) continue;
361 // The position of the absorbtion
363 gMC->TrackPosition(pos);
364 posHit[0] = pos[0] + mom[0] / pTot * absLength;
365 posHit[1] = pos[1] + mom[1] / pTot * absLength;
366 posHit[2] = pos[2] + mom[2] / pTot * absLength;
369 Int_t q = ((Int_t) (energyeV / kWion));
371 // Add the hit to the array. TR photon hits are marked
372 // by negative charge
373 AddHit(gAlice->CurrentTrack(),det,posHit,-q,kTRUE);
381 //_____________________________________________________________________________
382 void AliTRDv1::Init()
385 // Initialise Transition Radiation Detector after geometry has been built.
390 if(fDebug) printf("%s: Slow simulator\n",ClassName());
393 printf(" Only plane %d is sensitive\n",fSensPlane);
394 if (fSensChamber >= 0)
395 printf(" Only chamber %d is sensitive\n",fSensChamber);
396 if (fSensSector >= 0) {
397 Int_t sens1 = fSensSector;
398 Int_t sens2 = fSensSector + fSensSectorRange;
399 sens2 -= ((Int_t) (sens2 / AliTRDgeometry::Nsect()))
400 * AliTRDgeometry::Nsect();
401 printf(" Only sectors %d - %d are sensitive\n",sens1,sens2-1);
405 printf("%s: TR simulation on\n",ClassName());
407 printf("%s: TR simulation off\n",ClassName());
410 // First ionization potential (eV) for the gas mixture (90% Xe + 10% CO2)
411 const Float_t kPoti = 12.1;
412 // Maximum energy (50 keV);
413 const Float_t kEend = 50000.0;
414 // Ermilova distribution for the delta-ray spectrum
415 Float_t poti = TMath::Log(kPoti);
416 Float_t eEnd = TMath::Log(kEend);
417 fDeltaE = new TF1("deltae",Ermilova,poti,eEnd,0);
420 printf("%s: ",ClassName());
421 for (Int_t i = 0; i < 80; i++) printf("*");
427 //_____________________________________________________________________________
428 AliTRDsim *AliTRDv1::CreateTR()
431 // Enables the simulation of TR
434 fTR = new AliTRDsim();
439 //_____________________________________________________________________________
440 void AliTRDv1::SetSensPlane(Int_t iplane)
443 // Defines the hit-sensitive plane (0-5)
446 if ((iplane < 0) || (iplane > 5)) {
447 printf("Wrong input value: %d\n",iplane);
448 printf("Use standard setting\n");
459 //_____________________________________________________________________________
460 void AliTRDv1::SetSensChamber(Int_t ichamber)
463 // Defines the hit-sensitive chamber (0-4)
466 if ((ichamber < 0) || (ichamber > 4)) {
467 printf("Wrong input value: %d\n",ichamber);
468 printf("Use standard setting\n");
475 fSensChamber = ichamber;
479 //_____________________________________________________________________________
480 void AliTRDv1::SetSensSector(Int_t isector)
483 // Defines the hit-sensitive sector (0-17)
486 SetSensSector(isector,1);
490 //_____________________________________________________________________________
491 void AliTRDv1::SetSensSector(Int_t isector, Int_t nsector)
494 // Defines a range of hit-sensitive sectors. The range is defined by
495 // <isector> (0-17) as the starting point and <nsector> as the number
496 // of sectors to be included.
499 if ((isector < 0) || (isector > 17)) {
500 printf("Wrong input value <isector>: %d\n",isector);
501 printf("Use standard setting\n");
503 fSensSectorRange = 0;
508 if ((nsector < 1) || (nsector > 18)) {
509 printf("Wrong input value <nsector>: %d\n",nsector);
510 printf("Use standard setting\n");
512 fSensSectorRange = 0;
518 fSensSector = isector;
519 fSensSectorRange = nsector;
523 //_____________________________________________________________________________
524 void AliTRDv1::StepManager()
527 // Slow simulator. Every charged track produces electron cluster as hits
528 // along its path across the drift volume. The step size is set acording
529 // to Bethe-Bloch. The energy distribution of the delta electrons follows
530 // a spectrum taken from Ermilova et al.
547 Double_t betaGamma, pp;
550 Bool_t drRegion = kFALSE;
551 Bool_t amRegion = kFALSE;
554 TString cIdSensDr = "J";
555 TString cIdSensAm = "K";
556 Char_t cIdChamber[3];
559 TLorentzVector pos, mom;
561 const Int_t kNplan = AliTRDgeometry::Nplan();
562 const Int_t kNcham = AliTRDgeometry::Ncham();
563 const Int_t kNdetsec = kNplan * kNcham;
565 const Double_t kBig = 1.0E+12;
568 const Float_t kWion = 22.04;
569 // Maximum momentum for e+ e- g
570 const Float_t kPTotMaxEl = 0.002;
571 // Minimum energy for the step size adjustment
572 const Float_t kEkinMinStep = 1.0e-5;
573 // Plateau value of the energy-loss for electron in xenon
574 // taken from: Allison + Comb, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. (1980), 30, 253
575 //const Double_t kPlateau = 1.70;
576 // the averaged value (26/3/99)
577 const Float_t kPlateau = 1.55;
578 // dN1/dx|min for the gas mixture (90% Xe + 10% CO2)
579 const Float_t kPrim = 48.0;
580 // First ionization potential (eV) for the gas mixture (90% Xe + 10% CO2)
581 const Float_t kPoti = 12.1;
584 const Int_t kPdgElectron = 11;
586 // Set the maximum step size to a very large number for all
587 // neutral particles and those outside the driftvolume
588 gMC->SetMaxStep(kBig);
590 // Use only charged tracks
591 if (( gMC->TrackCharge() ) &&
592 (!gMC->IsTrackStop() ) &&
593 (!gMC->IsTrackDisappeared())) {
595 // Inside a sensitive volume?
598 cIdCurrent = gMC->CurrentVolName();
599 if (cIdSensDr == cIdCurrent[1]) {
602 if (cIdSensAm == cIdCurrent[1]) {
605 if (drRegion || amRegion) {
607 // The hit coordinates and charge
608 gMC->TrackPosition(pos);
613 // The sector number (0 - 17)
614 // The numbering goes clockwise and starts at y = 0
615 Float_t phi = kRaddeg*TMath::ATan2(pos[0],pos[1]);
620 sec = ((Int_t) (phi / 20));
622 // The plane and chamber number
623 cIdChamber[0] = cIdCurrent[2];
624 cIdChamber[1] = cIdCurrent[3];
625 Int_t idChamber = (atoi(cIdChamber) % kNdetsec);
626 cha = ((Int_t) idChamber / kNplan);
627 pla = ((Int_t) idChamber % kNplan);
629 // Check on selected volumes
630 Int_t addthishit = 1;
632 if ((fSensPlane >= 0) && (pla != fSensPlane )) addthishit = 0;
633 if ((fSensChamber >= 0) && (cha != fSensChamber)) addthishit = 0;
634 if (fSensSector >= 0) {
635 Int_t sens1 = fSensSector;
636 Int_t sens2 = fSensSector + fSensSectorRange;
637 sens2 -= ((Int_t) (sens2 / AliTRDgeometry::Nsect()))
638 * AliTRDgeometry::Nsect();
640 if ((sec < sens1) || (sec >= sens2)) addthishit = 0;
643 if ((sec < sens1) && (sec >= sens2)) addthishit = 0;
651 // The detector number
652 det = fGeometry->GetDetector(pla,cha,sec);
654 // Special hits and TR photons only in the drift region
657 // Create a track reference at the entrance and
658 // exit of each chamber that contain the
659 // momentum components of the particle
660 if (gMC->IsTrackEntering() || gMC->IsTrackExiting()) {
661 gMC->TrackMomentum(mom);
662 AddTrackReference(gAlice->CurrentTrack());
665 // Create the hits from TR photons
666 if (fTR) CreateTRhit(det);
670 // Calculate the energy of the delta-electrons
671 eDelta = TMath::Exp(fDeltaE->GetRandom()) - kPoti;
672 eDelta = TMath::Max(eDelta,0.0);
674 // The number of secondary electrons created
675 qTot = ((Int_t) (eDelta / kWion) + 1);
677 // Create a new dEdx hit
679 AddHit(gAlice->CurrentTrack(),det,hits,qTot,kTRUE);
682 AddHit(gAlice->CurrentTrack(),det,hits,qTot,kFALSE);
685 // Calculate the maximum step size for the next tracking step
686 // Produce only one hit if Ekin is below cutoff
687 aMass = gMC->TrackMass();
688 if ((gMC->Etot() - aMass) > kEkinMinStep) {
690 // The energy loss according to Bethe Bloch
691 iPdg = TMath::Abs(gMC->TrackPid());
692 if ( (iPdg != kPdgElectron) ||
693 ((iPdg == kPdgElectron) && (pTot < kPTotMaxEl))) {
694 gMC->TrackMomentum(mom);
696 betaGamma = pTot / aMass;
697 pp = kPrim * BetheBloch(betaGamma);
698 // Take charge > 1 into account
699 charge = gMC->TrackCharge();
700 if (TMath::Abs(charge) > 1) pp = pp * charge*charge;
702 // Electrons above 20 Mev/c are at the plateau
704 pp = kPrim * kPlateau;
709 gMC->GetRandom()->RndmArray(1, random);
710 while ((random[0] == 1.) || (random[0] == 0.));
711 stepSize = - TMath::Log(random[0]) / pp;
712 gMC->SetMaxStep(stepSize);
725 //_____________________________________________________________________________
726 Double_t AliTRDv1::BetheBloch(Double_t bg)
729 // Parametrization of the Bethe-Bloch-curve
730 // The parametrization is the same as for the TPC and is taken from Lehrhaus.
733 // This parameters have been adjusted to averaged values from GEANT
734 const Double_t kP1 = 7.17960e-02;
735 const Double_t kP2 = 8.54196;
736 const Double_t kP3 = 1.38065e-06;
737 const Double_t kP4 = 5.30972;
738 const Double_t kP5 = 2.83798;
740 // This parameters have been adjusted to Xe-data found in:
741 // Allison & Cobb, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. (1980), 30, 253
742 //const Double_t kP1 = 0.76176E-1;
743 //const Double_t kP2 = 10.632;
744 //const Double_t kP3 = 3.17983E-6;
745 //const Double_t kP4 = 1.8631;
746 //const Double_t kP5 = 1.9479;
748 // Lower cutoff of the Bethe-Bloch-curve to limit step sizes
749 const Double_t kBgMin = 0.8;
750 const Double_t kBBMax = 6.83298;
751 //const Double_t kBgMin = 0.6;
752 //const Double_t kBBMax = 17.2809;
753 //const Double_t kBgMin = 0.4;
754 //const Double_t kBBMax = 82.0;
757 Double_t yy = bg / TMath::Sqrt(1. + bg*bg);
758 Double_t aa = TMath::Power(yy,kP4);
759 Double_t bb = TMath::Power((1./bg),kP5);
760 bb = TMath::Log(kP3 + bb);
761 return ((kP2 - aa - bb)*kP1 / aa);
769 //_____________________________________________________________________________
770 Double_t Ermilova(Double_t *x, Double_t *)
773 // Calculates the delta-ray energy distribution according to Ermilova.
774 // Logarithmic scale !
783 const Int_t kNv = 31;
785 Float_t vxe[kNv] = { 2.3026, 2.9957, 3.4012, 3.6889, 3.9120
786 , 4.0943, 4.2485, 4.3820, 4.4998, 4.6052
787 , 4.7005, 5.0752, 5.2983, 5.7038, 5.9915
788 , 6.2146, 6.5221, 6.9078, 7.3132, 7.6009
789 , 8.0064, 8.5172, 8.6995, 8.9872, 9.2103
790 , 9.4727, 9.9035,10.3735,10.5966,10.8198
793 Float_t vye[kNv] = { 80.0 , 31.0 , 23.3 , 21.1 , 21.0
794 , 20.9 , 20.8 , 20.0 , 16.0 , 11.0
795 , 8.0 , 6.0 , 5.2 , 4.6 , 4.0
796 , 3.5 , 3.0 , 1.4 , 0.67 , 0.44
797 , 0.3 , 0.18 , 0.12 , 0.08 , 0.056
798 , 0.04 , 0.023, 0.015, 0.011, 0.01
807 dpos = energy - vxe[pos2++];
811 if (pos2 > kNv) pos2 = kNv - 1;
814 // Differentiate between the sampling points
815 dnde = (vye[pos1] - vye[pos2]) / (vxe[pos2] - vxe[pos1]);