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+
+\newcommand{\citing}[1]{~\cite{#1}}
+\newcommand{\myref}[1]{\cref{#1} on \cpageref{#1}}
+
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+\newcommand{\see}[1]{(see \myref{#1})}
+\newcommand{\See}[1]{(See \myref{#1}.)}
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+#2\\*\emph{How:} #3\\*[-7px]}
+
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+\newcommand{\methodwithref}[2]{\method{#2}\footnote{\type{#1}\method{\##2()}}}
+\newcommand{\var}[1]{\type{#1}}
+\newcommand{\refactoring}[1]{\emph{#1}}
+\newcommand{\ExtractMethod}{\refactoring{Extract Method}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\MoveMethod}{\refactoring{Move Method}\xspace}
+\newcommand{\ExtractAndMoveMethod}{\refactoring{Extract and Move Method}\xspace}
+
+\newcommand\todoin[2][]{\todo[inline, caption={2do}, #1]{
+\begin{minipage}{\textwidth-4pt}#2\end{minipage}}}
\title{Refactoring}
\subtitle{An essay}
\bibliography{bibliography/master-thesis-erlenkr-bibliography}
\begin{document}
-\ififorside{}
+\ififorside
\frontmatter{}
\chapter*{Abstract}
-Empty document.
+\todoin{\textbf{Remove all todos (including list) before delivery/printing!!!
+Can be done by removing ``draft'' from documentclass.}}
+\todoin{Write abstract}
\tableofcontents{}
\listoffigures{}
\chapter*{Preface}
-\mainmatter{}
+The discussions in this report must be seen in the context of object oriented
+programming languages, and Java in particular, since that is the language in
+which most of the examples will be given. All though the techniques discussed
+may be applicable to languages from other paradigms, they will not be the
+subject of this report.
-\listoftodos
+\mainmatter
-\part{Introduction}
+\chapter{What is Refactoring?}
-\chapter{Refactoring in general}
+This question is best answered by first defining the concept of a
+\emph{refactoring}, what it is to \emph{refactor}, and then discuss what aspects
+of programming make people want to refactor their code.
-\section{What is refactoring?}
+\section{Defining refactoring}
+Martin Fowler, in his classic book on refactoring\citing{refactoring}, defines a
+refactoring like this:
-This question is best answered dividing the answer into two parts. First
-defining the concept of a refactoring, then discuss what the dicipline of
-refactoring is all about. And to make it clear already from the beginning: The
-dicussions in this report must be seen in the context of object oriented
-programming languages. It may be obvious, but much of the material will not make
-much sense otherwise, although some of the techniques may be applicable to
-sequential \todo{sequential?} languages, then possibly in other forms.
+\begin{quote}
+ \emph{Refactoring} (noun): a change made to the internal
+ structure\footnote{The structure observable by the programmer.} of software to
+ make it easier to understand and cheaper to modify without changing its
+ observable behavior.~\cite[p.~53]{refactoring}
+\end{quote}
+
+\noindent This definition assigns additional meaning to the word
+\emph{refactoring}, beyond the composition of the prefix \emph{re-}, usually
+meaning something like ``again'' or ``anew'', and the word \emph{factoring},
+that can mean to isolate the \emph{factors} of something. Here a \emph{factor}
+would be close to the mathematical definition of something that divides a
+quantity, without leaving a remainder. Fowler is mixing the \emph{motivation}
+behind refactoring into his definition. Instead it could be more refined, formed
+to only consider the \emph{mechanical} and \emph{behavioral} aspects of
+refactoring. That is to factor the program again, putting it together in a
+different way than before, while preserving the behavior of the program. An
+alternative definition could then be:
+
+\definition{A \emph{refactoring} is a transformation
+done to a program without altering its external behavior.}
+
+From this we can conclude that a refactoring primarily changes how the
+\emph{code} of a program is perceived by the \emph{programmer}, and not the
+\emph{behavior} experienced by any user of the program. Although the logical
+meaning is preserved, such changes could potentially alter the program's
+behavior when it comes to performance gain or -penalties. So any logic depending
+on the performance of a program could make the program behave differently after
+a refactoring.
+
+In the extreme case one could argue that such a thing as \emph{software
+obfuscation} is refactoring. Software obfuscation is to make source code harder
+to read and analyze, while preserving its semantics. It could be done composing
+many, more or less randomly chosen, refactorings. Then the question arise
+whether it can be called a \emph{composite refactoring}
+\see{compositeRefactorings} or not? The answer is not obvious. First, there is
+no way to describe \emph{the} mechanics of software obfuscation, beacause there
+are infinitely many ways to do that. Second, \emph{obfuscation} can be thought
+of as \emph{one operation}: Either the code is obfuscated, or it is not. Third,
+it makes no sense to call software obfuscation \emph{a} refactoring, since it
+holds different meaning to different people. The last point is important, since
+one of the motivations behind defining different refactorings is to build up a
+vocabulary for software professionals to reason and discuss about programs,
+similar to the motivation behind design patterns\citing{designPatterns}. So for
+describing \emph{software obfuscation}, it might be more appropriate to define
+what you do when performing it rather than precisely defining its mechanics in
+terms of other refactorings.
+
+\section{The etymology of 'refactoring'}
+It is a little difficult to pinpoint the exact origin of the word
+``refactoring'', as it seems to have evolved as part of a colloquial
+terminology, more than a scientific term. There is no authoritative source for a
+formal definition of it.
+
+According to Martin Fowler\citing{etymology-refactoring}, there may also be more
+than one origin of the word. The most well-known source, when it comes to the
+origin of \emph{refactoring}, is the Smalltalk\footnote{\emph{Smalltalk},
+object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. See
+\url{http://www.smalltalk.org}} community and their infamous \emph{Refactoring
+Browser}\footnote{\url{http://st-www.cs.illinois.edu/users/brant/Refactory/RefactoringBrowser.html}}
+described in the article \emph{A Refactoring Tool for
+Smalltalk}\citing{refactoringBrowser1997}, published in 1997.
+Allegedly\citing{etymology-refactoring}, the metaphor of factoring programs was
+also present in the Forth\footnote{\emph{Forth} -- stack-based, extensible
+programming language, without type-checking. See \url{http://www.forth.org}}
+community, and the word ``refactoring'' is mentioned in a book by Leo Brodie,
+called \emph{Thinking Forth}\citing{brodie1984}, first published in
+1984\footnote{\emph{Thinking Forth} was first published in 1984 by the
+\emph{Forth Interest Group}. Then it was reprinted in 1994 with minor
+typographical corrections, before it was transcribed into an electronic edition
+typeset in \LaTeX\ and published under a Creative Commons licence in 2004. The
+edition cited here is the 2004 edition, but the content should essentially be as
+in 1984.}. The exact word is only printed one place~\cite[p.~232]{brodie1984},
+but the term \emph{factoring} is prominent in the book, that also contains a
+whole chapter dedicated to (re)factoring, and how to keep the (Forth) code clean
+and maintainable.
-\subsection{Defining refactoring}
-Martin Fowler, in his masterpiece on refactoring~\cite{refactoring}, defines a
-refactoring like this:
\begin{quote}
- \emph{Refactoring} (noun): a change made to the \todo{what does he mean by
- internal?} internal structure of software to make it easier to understand and
- cheaper to modify without changing its observable
- behaviour.~\cite{refactoring} % page 53
+ \ldots good factoring technique is perhaps the most important skill for a
+ Forth programmer.~\cite[p.~172]{brodie1984}
\end{quote}
-This definition gives additional meaning to the word \emph{refactoring} beyond
-its \todo{original?} original meaning. Fowler is mixing the \emph{motivation}
-behind refactoring into his definition. Instead it could be made clean, only
-considering the mechanical aspect of refactoring. That is to factor the program
-again, putting it together in a different way than before. An alternative
-definition could then be:
-
-\definition{A refactoring is a transformation
-done to a program without altering its external behaviour.}
-
-So a refactoring primarily changes how the \emph{code} of a program is percepted
-by the \emph{programmer}, and not the behaviour experienced by any user of the
-program. Although the semantic meaning is preserved, such changes could
-potentially alter the program's behaviour when it comes to performance gain or
-penalties. So any logic depending on the performance of a program could make the
-program behave differently after a refactoring.
-
-In the extreme case one could argue that \emph{software obfuscation} is a
-refactoring. It can be taken to be a composite refactoring (see
-\ref{intro_composite}), consisting of, for instance, a series of rename
-refactorings. (But it could of course be much more complex, and the mechanics of
-it would not exactly be carved in stone.) To perform some serious obfuscation
-one would also take advantage of techniques not found among established
-refactorings, such as removing whitespace. This might not even generate a
-different syntax tree in for instance C-like languages, placing it in a gray
-area of what is considered a refactoring.
-
-Finally, to \emph{refactor} is (quoting Martin Fowler)
+
+\noindent Brodie also express what \emph{factoring} means to him:
+
\begin{quote}
- \ldots to restructure software by applying a series of refactorings without
- changing its observable behaviour.~\cite{refactoring} % page 54, definition
+ Factoring means organizing code into useful fragments. To make a fragment
+ useful, you often must separate reusable parts from non-reusable parts. The
+ reusable parts become new definitions. The non-reusable parts become arguments
+ or parameters to the definitions.~\cite[p.~172]{brodie1984}
\end{quote}
-% subsection with the history of refactoring?
+Fowler claims that the usage of the word \emph{refactoring} did not pass between
+the \emph{Forth} and \emph{Smalltalk} communities, but that it emerged
+independently in each of the communities.
-\subsection{Motivation} % better headline?
-To get a grasp of what refactoring is all about, we can answer this question:
-\emph{Why do people refactor?} Possible answers could include: ``To remove
-duplication'' or ``to break up long methods''. Practitioners of the art of
-Design Patterns~\cite{dp} could say that they do it to introduce a long-needed
-pattern to their program's design. So it's safe to say that peoples' intentions
-are to make their programs \emph{better} in some sense. But what aspects of the
-programs are becoming improved?
+\section{Motivation -- Why people refactor}
+There are many reasons why people want to refactor their programs. They can for
+instance do it to remove duplication, break up long methods or to introduce
+design patterns\citing{designPatterns} into their software systems. The shared
+trait for all these are that peoples intentions are to make their programs
+\emph{better}, in some sense. But what aspects of their programs are becoming
+improved?
As already mentioned, people often refactor to get rid of duplication. Moving
-identical or similar code into methods, and maybe pushing those up or down in
-their hierarchies. Making template methods for overlapping algorithms
-\todo{better?: functionality} and so on. It's all about gathering what belongs
-together and putting it all in one place. And the result? The code is easier to
-maintain, due to removing the implicit coupling between the code snippets and
-getting rid of the almost sure path to bugs. \todo{another formulation?}
-
-The same people find out that their program contains a lot of long and
-hard-to-grasp methods. Then what do they do? They begin dividing their methods
-into smaller ones, using the \emph{Extract Method}
-refactoring~\cite{refactoring}. Then they may discover something about their
-program that they weren't aware of before; revealing bugs they didn't know about
-or couldn't find due to the complex structure of their program. \todo{Proof?}
-Making the methods smaller and giving good names to the new ones clarifies the
-algorithms and enhances the \emph{understandability} of the program. This makes
-simple refactoring an excellent method for exploring unknown program code, or
-code that you had forgotten that you wrote!
-
-The word \emph{simple} came up in the last section. In fact, most basic
-refactorings are simple. The true power of them are revealed first when they are
-combined into larger --- higher level --- refactorings. Often the goal of such a
-serie of refactorings is a design pattern. Thus the \emph{design} can be evolved
-throughout the lifetime of a program, opposed to designing up-front. It's all
-about being structured and taking small steps to improve the design.
-
-Many refactorings are aimed at lowering the coupling between different classes
-and different layers of logic. Say for instance that the coupling between the
-user interface and the business logic of a program is lowered. Then the business
-logic of the program could much easier be the target of automated tests,
-increasing the productivity in the software development process. It would also
-be much easier to distribute the different parts of the program if they were
-decoupled.
+identical or similar code into methods, and maybe pushing methods up or down in
+their class hierarchies. Making template methods for overlapping
+algorithms/functionality and so on. It is all about gathering what belongs
+together and putting it all in one place. The resulting code is then easier to
+maintain. When removing the implicit coupling\footnote{When duplicating code,
+the code might not be coupled in other ways than that it is supposed to
+represent the same functionality. So if this functionality is going to change,
+it might need to change in more than one place, thus creating an implicit
+coupling between the multiple pieces of code.} between code snippets, the
+location of a bug is limited to only one place, and new functionality need only
+to be added to this one place, instead of a number of places people might not
+even remember.
+
+A problem you often encounter when programming, is that a program contains a lot
+of long and hard-to-grasp methods. It can then help to break the methods into
+smaller ones, using the \ExtractMethod refactoring\citing{refactoring}. Then you
+may discover something about a program that you were not aware of before;
+revealing bugs you did not know about or could not find due to the complex
+structure of your program. \todo{Proof?} Making the methods smaller and giving
+good names to the new ones clarifies the algorithms and enhances the
+\emph{understandability} of the program \see{magic_number_seven}. This makes
+refactoring an excellent method for exploring unknown program code, or code that
+you had forgotten that you wrote.
+
+Most primitive refactorings are simple. Their true power is first revealed when
+they are combined into larger --- higher level --- refactorings, called
+\emph{composite refactorings} \see{compositeRefactorings}. Often the goal of
+such a series of refactorings is a design pattern. Thus the \emph{design} can be
+evolved throughout the lifetime of a program, as opposed to designing up-front.
+It is all about being structured and taking small steps to improve a program's
+design.
+
+Many software design pattern are aimed at lowering the coupling between
+different classes and different layers of logic. One of the most famous is
+perhaps the \emph{Model-View-Controller}\citing{designPatterns} pattern. It is
+aimed at lowering the coupling between the user interface and the business logic
+and data representation of a program. This also has the added benefit that the
+business logic could much easier be the target of automated tests, increasing
+the productivity in the software development process. Refactoring is an
+important tool on the way to something greater.
Another effect of refactoring is that with the increased separation of concerns
-coming out of many refactorings, the \todo{performance?} \emph{tunability} is
-improved. When profiling programs, the problem parts are narrowed down to
-smaller parts of the code and optimization can be performed only where needed.
-
-Refactoring program code --- with a goal in mind --- gives the code itself more
-value. That is in the form of \todo{?} robustness, understandability and
-maintainability. With the first as an obvious advantage, but with the following
-two being also very important in software development. By incorporating
-refactoring in the development process, bugs are found faster, new functionality
-is added more easily and code is easier to understand by the next person exposed
-to it, which might as well be the person who wrote it. So, refactoring can also
-add to the \todo{good time to mention that pointy-haired bosses might not see
-the benefit of refactoring [1]} monetary value of a business, by increased
-productivity of the develompment process in the long run.
+coming out of many refactorings, the \emph{performance} can be improved. When
+profiling programs, the problematic parts are narrowed down to smaller parts of
+the code, which are easier to tune, and optimization can be performed only where
+needed and in a more effective way.
+
+Last, but not least, and this should probably be the best reason to refactor, is
+to refactor to \emph{facilitate a program change}. If one has managed to keep
+one's code clean and tidy, and the code is not bloated with design patterns that
+are not ever going to be needed, then some refactoring might be needed to
+introduce a design pattern that is appropriate for the change that is going to
+happen.
+
+Refactoring program code --- with a goal in mind --- can give the code itself
+more value. That is in the form of robustness to bugs, understandability and
+maintainability. Having robust code is an obvious advantage, but
+understandability and maintainability are both very important aspects of
+software development. By incorporating refactoring in the development process,
+bugs are found faster, new functionality is added more easily and code is easier
+to understand by the next person exposed to it, which might as well be the
+person who wrote it. The consequence of this, is that refactoring can increase
+the average productivity of the development process, and thus also add to the
+monetary value of a business in the long run. The perspective on productivity
+and money should also be able to open the eyes of the many nearsighted managers
+that seldom see beyond the next milestone.
+
+\section{The magical number seven}\label{magic_number_seven}
+The article \emph{The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on
+our capacity for processing information}\citing{miller1956} by George A.
+Miller, was published in the journal \emph{Psychological Review} in 1956. It
+presents evidence that support that the capacity of the number of objects a
+human being can hold in its working memory is roughly seven, plus or minus two
+objects. This number varies a bit depending on the nature and complexity of the
+objects, but is according to Miller ``\ldots never changing so much as to be
+unrecognizable.''
+
+Miller's article culminates in the section called \emph{Recoding}, a term he
+borrows from communication theory. The central result in this section is that by
+recoding information, the capacity of the amount of information that a human can
+process at a time is increased. By \emph{recoding}, Miller means to group
+objects together in chunks and give each chunk a new name that it can be
+remembered by. By organizing objects into patterns of ever growing depth, one
+can memorize and process a much larger amount of data than if it were to be
+represented as its basic pieces. This grouping and renaming is analogous to how
+many refactorings work, by grouping pieces of code and give them a new name.
+Examples are the fundamental \ExtractMethod and \refactoring{Extract Class}
+refactorings\citing{refactoring}.
+
+\begin{quote}
+ \ldots recoding is an extremely powerful weapon for increasing the amount of
+ information that we can deal with.~\cite[p.~95]{miller1956}
+\end{quote}
+
+An example from the article addresses the problem of memorizing a sequence of
+binary digits. Let us say we have the following sequence\footnote{The example
+ presented here is slightly modified (and shortened) from what is presented in
+ the original article\citing{miller1956}, but it is essentially the same.} of
+16 binary digits: ``1010001001110011''. Most of us will have a hard time
+memorizing this sequence by only reading it once or twice. Imagine if we instead
+translate it to this sequence: ``A273''. If you have a background from computer
+science, it will be obvious that the latest sequence is the first sequence
+recoded to be represented by digits with base 16. Most people should be able to
+memorize this last sequence by only looking at it once.
+
+Another result from the Miller article is that when the amount of information a
+human must interpret increases, it is crucial that the translation from one code
+to another must be almost automatic for the subject to be able to remember the
+translation, before \heshe is presented with new information to recode. Thus
+learning and understanding how to best organize certain kinds of data is
+essential to efficiently handle that kind of data in the future. This is much
+like when humans learn to read. First they must learn how to recognize letters.
+Then they can learn distinct words, and later read sequences of words that form
+whole sentences. Eventually, most of them will be able to read whole books and
+briefly retell the important parts of its content. This suggest that the use of
+design patterns\citing{designPatterns} is a good idea when reasoning about
+computer programs. With extensive use of design patterns when creating complex
+program structures, one does not always have to read whole classes of code to
+comprehend how they function, it may be sufficient to only see the name of a
+class to almost fully understand its responsibilities.
+
+\begin{quote}
+ Our language is tremendously useful for repackaging material into a few chunks
+ rich in information.~\cite[p.~95]{miller1956}
+\end{quote}
+
+Without further evidence, these results at least indicate that refactoring
+source code into smaller units with higher cohesion and, when needed,
+introducing appropriate design patterns, should aid in the cause of creating
+computer programs that are easier to maintain and has code that is easier (and
+better) understood.
+\section{Notable contributions to the refactoring literature}
+\todoin{Update with more contributions}
+
+\begin{description}
+ \item[1992] William F. Opdyke submits his doctoral dissertation called
+ \emph{Refactoring Object-Oriented Frameworks}\citing{opdyke1992}. This
+ work defines a set of refactorings, that are behavior preserving given that
+ their preconditions are met. The dissertation is focused on the automation
+ of refactorings.
+ \item[1999] Martin Fowler et al.: \emph{Refactoring: Improving the Design of
+ Existing Code}\citing{refactoring}. This is maybe the most influential text
+ on refactoring. It bares similarities with Opdykes thesis\citing{opdyke1992}
+ in the way that it provides a catalog of refactorings. But Fowler's book is
+ more about the craft of refactoring, as he focuses on establishing a
+ vocabulary for refactoring, together with the mechanics of different
+ refactorings and when to perform them. His methodology is also founded on
+ the principles of test-driven development.
+ \item[2005] Joshua Kerievsky: \emph{Refactoring to
+ Patterns}\citing{kerievsky2005}. This book is heavily influenced by Fowler's
+ \emph{Refactoring}\citing{refactoring} and the ``Gang of Four'' \emph{Design
+ Patterns}\citing{designPatterns}. It is building on the refactoring
+ catalogue from Fowler's book, but is trying to bridge the gap between
+ \emph{refactoring} and \emph{design patterns} by providing a series of
+ higher-level composite refactorings, that makes code evolve toward or away
+ from certain design patterns. The book is trying to build up the readers
+ intuition around \emph{why} one would want to use a particular design
+ pattern, and not just \emph{how}. The book is encouraging evolutionary
+ design. \See{relationToDesignPatterns}
+\end{description}
+
+\section{Tool support (for Java)}\label{toolSupport}
+This section will briefly compare the refatoring support of the three IDEs
+\emph{Eclipse}\footnote{\url{http://www.eclipse.org/}}, \emph{IntelliJ
+IDEA}\footnote{The IDE under comparison is the \emph{Community Edition},
+\url{http://www.jetbrains.com/idea/}} and
+\emph{NetBeans}\footnote{\url{https://netbeans.org/}}. These are the most
+popular Java IDEs\citing{javaReport2011}.
+
+All three IDEs provide support for the most useful refactorings, like the
+different extract, move and rename refactorings. In fact, Java-targeted IDEs are
+known for their good refactoring support, so this did not appear as a big
+surprise.
+
+The IDEs seem to have excellent support for the \ExtractMethod refactoring, so
+at least they have all passed the first refactoring
+rubicon\citing{fowlerRubicon2001,secondRubicon2012}.
+
+Regarding the \MoveMethod refactoring, the \emph{Eclipse} and \emph{IntelliJ}
+IDEs do the job in very similar manners. In most situations they both do a
+satisfying job by producing the expected outcome. But they do nothing to check
+that the result does not break the semantics of the program \see{correctness}.
+The \emph{NetBeans} IDE implements this refactoring in a somewhat
+unsophisticated way. For starters, its default destination for the move is
+itself, although it refuses to perform the refactoring if chosen. But the worst
+part is, that if moving the method \method{f} of the class \type{C} to the class
+\type{X}, it will break the code. The result is shown in
+\myref{lst:moveMethod_NetBeans}.
+
+\begin{listing}
+\begin{multicols}{2}
+\begin{minted}[samepage]{java}
+public class C {
+ private X x;
+ ...
+ public void f() {
+ x.m();
+ x.n();
+ }
+}
+\end{minted}
+
+\columnbreak
+
+\begin{minted}[samepage]{java}
+public class X {
+ ...
+ public void f(C c) {
+ c.x.m();
+ c.x.n();
+ }
+}
+\end{minted}
+\end{multicols}
+\caption{Moving method \method{f} from \type{C} to \type{X}.}
+\label{lst:moveMethod_NetBeans}
+\end{listing}
+
+NetBeans will try to make code that call the methods \method{m} and \method{n}
+of \type{X} by accessing them through \var{c.x}, where \var{c} is a parameter of
+type \type{C} that is added the method \method{f} when it is moved. (This is
+seldom the desired outcome of this refactoring, but ironically, this ``feature''
+keeps NetBeans from breaking the code in the example from \myref{correctness}.)
+If \var{c.x} for some reason is inaccessible to \type{X}, as in this case, the
+refactoring breaks the code, and it will not compile. NetBeans presents a
+preview of the refactoring outcome, but the preview does not catch it if the IDE
+is about break the program.
+
+The IDEs under investigation seems to have fairly good support for primitive
+refactorings, but what about more complex ones, such as the \refactoring{Extract
+Class}\citing{refactoring}? The \refactoring{Extract Class} refactoring works by
+creating a class, for then to move members to that class and access them from
+the old class via a reference to the new class. \emph{IntelliJ} handles this in
+a fairly good manner, although, in the case of private methods, it leaves unused
+methods behind. These are methods that delegate to a field with the type of the
+new class, but are not used anywhere. \emph{Eclipse} has added (or withdrawn)
+its own quirk to the Extract Class refactoring, and only allows for
+\emph{fields} to be moved to a new class, \emph{not methods}. This makes it
+effectively only extracting a data structure, and calling it
+\refactoring{Extract Class} is a little misleading. One would often be better
+off with textual extract and paste than using the Extract Class refactoring in
+Eclipse. When it comes to \emph{NetBeans}, it does not even seem to have made an
+attempt on providing this refactoring. (Well, it probably has, but it does not
+show in the IDE.)
+
+\todoin{Visual Studio (C++/C\#), Smalltalk refactoring browser?,
+second refactoring rubicon?}
+
+\section{The relation to design patterns}\label{relationToDesignPatterns}
+
+\emph{Refactoring} and \emph{design patterns} have at least one thing in common,
+they are both promoted by advocates of \emph{clean code}\citing{cleanCode} as
+fundamental tools on the road to more maintanable and extendable source code.
+
+\begin{quote}
+ Design patterns help you determine how to reorganize a design, and they can
+ reduce the amount of refactoring you need to do
+ later.~\cite[p.~353]{designPatterns}
+\end{quote}
+
+Although sometimes associated with
+over-engineering\citing{kerievsky2005,refactoring}, design patterns are in
+general assumed to be good for maintainability of source code. That may be
+because many of them are designed to support the \emph{open/closed principle} of
+object-oriented programming. The principle was first formulated by Bertrand
+Meyer, the creator of the Eiffel programming language, like this: ``Modules
+should be both open and closed.''\citing{meyer1988} It has been popularized,
+with this as a common version:
+
+\begin{quote}
+ Software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for
+ extension, but closed for modification.\footnote{See
+ \url{http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?OpenClosedPrinciple} or
+ \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open/closed_principle}}
+\end{quote}
+
+Maintainability is often thought of as the ability to be able to introduce new
+functionality without having to change too much of the old code. When
+refactoring, the motivation is often to facilitate adding new functionality. It
+is about factoring the old code in a way that makes the new functionality being
+able to benefit from the functionality already residing in a software system,
+without having to copy old code into new. Then, next time someone shall add new
+functionality, it is less likely that the old code has to change. Assuming that
+a design pattern is the best way to get rid of duplication and assist in
+implementing new functionality, it is reasonable to conclude that a design
+pattern often is the target of a series of refactorings. Having a repertoire of
+design patterns can also help in knowing when and how to refactor a program to
+make it reflect certain desired characteristics.
+
+\begin{quote}
+ There is a natural relation between patterns and refactorings. Patterns are
+ where you want to be; refactorings are ways to get there from somewhere
+ else.~\cite[p.~107]{refactoring}
+\end{quote}
+
+This quote is wise in many contexts, but it is not always appropriate to say
+``Patterns are where you want to be\ldots''. \emph{Sometimes}, patterns are
+where you want to be, but only because it will benefit your design. It is not
+true that one should always try to incorporate as many design patterns as
+possible into a program. It is not like they have intrinsic value. They only add
+value to a system when they support its design. Otherwise, the use of design
+patterns may only lead to a program that is more complex than necessary.
+
+\begin{quote}
+ The overuse of patterns tends to result from being patterns happy. We are
+ \emph{patterns happy} when we become so enamored of patterns that we simply
+ must use them in our code.~\cite[p.~24]{kerievsky2005}
+\end{quote}
+
+This can easily happen when relying largely on up-front design. Then it is
+natural, in the very beginning, to try to build in all the flexibility that one
+believes will be necessary throughout the lifetime of a software system.
+According to Joshua Kerievsky ``That sounds reasonable --- if you happen to be
+psychic.''~\cite[p.~1]{kerievsky2005} He is advocating what he believes is a
+better approach: To let software continually evolve. To start with a simple
+design that meets today's needs, and tackle future needs by refactoring to
+satisfy them. He believes that this is a more economic approach than investing
+time and money into a design that inevitably is going to change. By relying on
+continuously refactoring a system, its design can be made simpler without
+sacrificing flexibility. To be able to fully rely on this approach, it is of
+utter importance to have a reliable suit of tests to lean on. \See{testing} This
+makes the design process more natural and less characterized by difficult
+decisions that has to be made before proceeding in the process, and that is
+going to define a project for all of its unforeseeable future.
+
+\begin{comment}
+
+\section{Classification of refactorings}
+% only interesting refactorings
+% with 2 detailed examples? One for structured and one for intra-method?
+% Is replacing Bubblesort with Quick Sort considered a refactoring?
+
+\subsection{Structural refactorings}
+
+\subsubsection{Primitive refactorings}
+
+% Composing Methods
+\explanation{Extract Method}{You have a code fragment that can be grouped
+together.}{Turn the fragment into a method whose name explains the purpose of
+the method.}
+
+\explanation{Inline Method}{A method's body is just as clear as its name.}{Put
+the method's body into the body of its callers and remove the method.}
+
+\explanation{Inline Temp}{You have a temp that is assigned to once with a simple
+expression, and the temp is getting in the way of other refactorings.}{Replace
+all references to that temp with the expression}
+
+% Moving Features Between Objects
+\explanation{Move Method}{A method is, or will be, using or used by more
+features of another class than the class on which it is defined.}{Create a new
+method with a similar body in the class it uses most. Either turn the old method
+into a simple delegation, or remove it altogether.}
+
+\explanation{Move Field}{A field is, or will be, used by another class more than
+the class on which it is defined}{Create a new field in the target class, and
+change all its users.}
+
+% Organizing Data
+\explanation{Replace Magic Number with Symbolic Constant}{You have a literal
+number with a particular meaning.}{Create a constant, name it after the meaning,
+and replace the number with it.}
+
+\explanation{Encapsulate Field}{There is a public field.}{Make it private and
+provide accessors.}
+
+\explanation{Replace Type Code with Class}{A class has a numeric type code that
+does not affect its behavior.}{Replace the number with a new class.}
+
+\explanation{Replace Type Code with Subclasses}{You have an immutable type code
+that affects the behavior of a class.}{Replace the type code with subclasses.}
+
+\explanation{Replace Type Code with State/Strategy}{You have a type code that
+affects the behavior of a class, but you cannot use subclassing.}{Replace the
+type code with a state object.}
+
+% Simplifying Conditional Expressions
+\explanation{Consolidate Duplicate Conditional Fragments}{The same fragment of
+code is in all branches of a conditional expression.}{Move it outside of the
+expression.}
+
+\explanation{Remove Control Flag}{You have a variable that is acting as a
+control flag fro a series of boolean expressions.}{Use a break or return
+instead.}
+
+\explanation{Replace Nested Conditional with Guard Clauses}{A method has
+conditional behavior that does not make clear the normal path of
+execution.}{Use guard clauses for all special cases.}
+
+\explanation{Introduce Null Object}{You have repeated checks for a null
+value.}{Replace the null value with a null object.}
+
+\explanation{Introduce Assertion}{A section of code assumes something about the
+state of the program.}{Make the assumption explicit with an assertion.}
+
+% Making Method Calls Simpler
+\explanation{Rename Method}{The name of a method does not reveal its
+purpose.}{Change the name of the method}
+
+\explanation{Add Parameter}{A method needs more information from its
+caller.}{Add a parameter for an object that can pass on this information.}
+
+\explanation{Remove Parameter}{A parameter is no longer used by the method
+body.}{Remove it.}
+
+%\explanation{Parameterize Method}{Several methods do similar things but with
+%different values contained in the method.}{Create one method that uses a
+%parameter for the different values.}
+
+\explanation{Preserve Whole Object}{You are getting several values from an
+object and passing these values as parameters in a method call.}{Send the whole
+object instead.}
+
+\explanation{Remove Setting Method}{A field should be set at creation time and
+never altered.}{Remove any setting method for that field.}
+
+\explanation{Hide Method}{A method is not used by any other class.}{Make the
+method private.}
+
+\explanation{Replace Constructor with Factory Method}{You want to do more than
+simple construction when you create an object}{Replace the constructor with a
+factory method.}
+
+% Dealing with Generalization
+\explanation{Pull Up Field}{Two subclasses have the same field.}{Move the field
+to the superclass.}
+
+\explanation{Pull Up Method}{You have methods with identical results on
+subclasses.}{Move them to the superclass.}
+
+\explanation{Push Down Method}{Behavior on a superclass is relevant only for
+some of its subclasses.}{Move it to those subclasses.}
+
+\explanation{Push Down Field}{A field is used only by some subclasses.}{Move the
+field to those subclasses}
+
+\explanation{Extract Interface}{Several clients use the same subset of a class's
+interface, or two classes have part of their interfaces in common.}{Extract the
+subset into an interface.}
+
+\explanation{Replace Inheritance with Delegation}{A subclass uses only part of a
+superclasses interface or does not want to inherit data.}{Create a field for the
+superclass, adjust methods to delegate to the superclass, and remove the
+subclassing.}
+
+\explanation{Replace Delegation with Inheritance}{You're using delegation and
+are often writing many simple delegations for the entire interface}{Make the
+delegating class a subclass of the delegate.}
+
+\subsubsection{Composite refactorings}
+
+% Composing Methods
+% \explanation{Replace Method with Method Object}{}{}
+
+% Moving Features Between Objects
+\explanation{Extract Class}{You have one class doing work that should be done by
+two}{Create a new class and move the relevant fields and methods from the old
+class into the new class.}
+
+\explanation{Inline Class}{A class isn't doing very much.}{Move all its features
+into another class and delete it.}
+
+\explanation{Hide Delegate}{A client is calling a delegate class of an
+object.}{Create Methods on the server to hide the delegate.}
+
+\explanation{Remove Middle Man}{A class is doing to much simple delegation.}{Get
+the client to call the delegate directly.}
+
+% Organizing Data
+\explanation{Replace Data Value with Object}{You have a data item that needs
+additional data or behavior.}{Turn the data item into an object.}
+
+\explanation{Change Value to Reference}{You have a class with many equal
+instances that you want to replace with a single object.}{Turn the object into a
+reference object.}
+
+\explanation{Encapsulate Collection}{A method returns a collection}{Make it
+return a read-only view and provide add/remove methods.}
+
+% \explanation{Replace Array with Object}{}{}
+
+\explanation{Replace Subclass with Fields}{You have subclasses that vary only in
+methods that return constant data.}{Change the methods to superclass fields and
+eliminate the subclasses.}
+
+% Simplifying Conditional Expressions
+\explanation{Decompose Conditional}{You have a complicated conditional
+(if-then-else) statement.}{Extract methods from the condition, then part, an
+else part.}
+
+\explanation{Consolidate Conditional Expression}{You have a sequence of
+conditional tests with the same result.}{Combine them into a single conditional
+expression and extract it.}
+
+\explanation{Replace Conditional with Polymorphism}{You have a conditional that
+chooses different behavior depending on the type of an object.}{Move each leg
+of the conditional to an overriding method in a subclass. Make the original
+method abstract.}
+
+% Making Method Calls Simpler
+\explanation{Replace Parameter with Method}{An object invokes a method, then
+passes the result as a parameter for a method. The receiver can also invoke this
+method.}{Remove the parameter and let the receiver invoke the method.}
+
+\explanation{Introduce Parameter Object}{You have a group of parameters that
+naturally go together.}{Replace them with an object.}
+
+% Dealing with Generalization
+\explanation{Extract Subclass}{A class has features that are used only in some
+instances.}{Create a subclass for that subset of features.}
+
+\explanation{Extract Superclass}{You have two classes with similar
+features.}{Create a superclass and move the common features to the
+superclass.}
+
+\explanation{Collapse Hierarchy}{A superclass and subclass are not very
+different.}{Merge them together.}
+
+\explanation{Form Template Method}{You have two methods in subclasses that
+perform similar steps in the same order, yet the steps are different.}{Get the
+steps into methods with the same signature, so that the original methods become
+the same. Then you can pull them up.}
+
+
+\subsection{Functional refactorings}
+
+\explanation{Substitute Algorithm}{You want to replace an algorithm with one
+that is clearer.}{Replace the body of the method with the new algorithm.}
+
+\end{comment}
\section{The impact on software quality}
-\subsection{What is meant by quality?}
+\subsection{What is software quality?}
The term \emph{software quality} has many meanings. It all depends on the
context we put it in. If we look at it with the eyes of a software developer, it
-usually mean that the software is easily maintainable and testable, or in other
+usually means that the software is easily maintainable and testable, or in other
words, that it is \emph{well designed}. This often correlates with the
management scale, where \emph{keeping the schedule} and \emph{customer
-satisfaction} is at the center. (Although refactoring isn't always recognized
-as \todo{nor irony, please} the best way to achieve these goals.) From the
-customers point of view, in addition to good usability,
-\emph{performance} and \emph{lack of bugs} is always appreciated, measurements
-that are also shared by the software developer. (In addition, such things as
-good documentation could be measured, but this is out of the scope of this
-document.)
+satisfaction} is at the center. From the customers point of view, in addition to
+good usability, \emph{performance} and \emph{lack of bugs} is always
+appreciated, measurements that are also shared by the software developer. (In
+addition, such things as good documentation could be measured, but this is out
+of the scope of this document.)
\subsection{The impact on performance}
\begin{quote}
- Refactoring certainly will make software go more slowly, but it also makes the
- software more amenable to performance tuning.~\cite{refactoring} % page 69
+ Refactoring certainly will make software go more slowly\footnote{With todays
+ compiler optimization techniques and performance tuning of e.g. the Java
+virtual machine, the penalties of object creation and method calls are
+debatable.}, but it also makes the software more amenable to performance
+tuning.~\cite[p.~69]{refactoring}
\end{quote}
-There is a common belief that refactoring compromises performance, due to
-increased degree of indirection and that polymorphism is slower than
+
+\noindent There is a common belief that refactoring compromises performance, due
+to increased degree of indirection and that polymorphism is slower than
conditionals.
-In a survey, Demeyer~\cite{demeyer2002} disproves this view in the case of
-polymorphism. He is doing an experiment on, what he calls, ``Transform Self Type
+In a survey, Demeyer\citing{demeyer2002} disproves this view in the case of
+polymorphism. He did an experiment on, what he calls, ``Transform Self Type
Checks'' where you introduce a new polymorphic method and a new class hierarchy
to get rid of a class' type checking of a ``type attribute``. He uses this kind
of transformation to represent other ways of replacing conditionals with
polymorphism as well. The experiment is performed on the C++ programming
-language and with three different compilers and platforms. \todo{But is the
-result better?} Demeyer concludes that, with compiler optimization turned on,
-polymorphism beats middle to large sized if-statements and does as well as
-case-statements. (In accordance with his hypothesis, due to similarities
-between the way C++ handles polymorphism and case-statements.)
+language and with three different compilers and platforms. Demeyer concludes
+that, with compiler optimization turned on, polymorphism beats middle to large
+sized if-statements and does as well as case-statements. (In accordance with
+his hypothesis, due to similarities between the way C++ handles polymorphism and
+case-statements.)
+
\begin{quote}
The interesting thing about performance is that if you analyze most programs,
- you find that they waste most of their time in a small fraction of the code.
- ~\cite{refactoring}
+ you find that they waste most of their time in a small fraction of the
+ code.~\cite[p.~70]{refactoring}
\end{quote}
-So, although an increased amount of method calls could potentially slow down
-programs, one should avoid premature optimization and sacrificing good design,
-leaving the performance tuning until after profiling the software and having
-isolated the actual problem areas.
+\noindent So, although an increased amount of method calls could potentially
+slow down programs, one should avoid premature optimization and sacrificing good
+design, leaving the performance tuning until after profiling\footnote{For and
+ example of a Java profiler, check out VisualVM:
+ \url{http://visualvm.java.net/}} the software and having isolated the actual
+ problem areas.
+\section{Composite refactorings}\label{compositeRefactorings}
+\todo{motivation, examples, manual vs automated?, what about refactoring in a
+very large code base?}
+Generally, when thinking about refactoring, at the mechanical level, there are
+essentially two kinds of refactorings. There are the \emph{primitive}
+refactorings, and the \emph{composite} refactorings.
-\section{Classification of refactorings}
-% only interesting refactorings
-% with 2 detailed examples? One for structured and one for intra-method?
-% Is replacing Bubblesort with Quick Sort considered a refactoring?
+\definition{A \emph{primitive refactoring} is a refactoring that cannot be
+expressed in terms of other refactorings.}
-\section{Correctness of refactorings}
-% Volker's example?
+\noindent Examples are the \refactoring{Pull Up Field} and \refactoring{Pull Up
+Method} refactorings\citing{refactoring}, that move members up in their class
+hierarchies.
-\section{Composite refactorings} \label{intro_composite}
-% motivation, example(s)
-% manual vs automated?
-% what about refactoring in a very large code base?
+\definition{A \emph{composite refactoring} is a refactoring that can be
+expressed in terms of two or more other refactorings.}
-\section{Software metrics}
+\noindent An example of a composite refactoring is the \refactoring{Extract
+Superclass} refactoring\citing{refactoring}. In its simplest form, it is composed
+of the previously described primitive refactorings, in addition to the
+\refactoring{Pull Up Constructor Body} refactoring\citing{refactoring}. It works
+by creating an abstract superclass that the target class(es) inherits from, then
+by applying \refactoring{Pull Up Field}, \refactoring{Pull Up Method} and
+\refactoring{Pull Up Constructor Body} on the members that are to be members of
+the new superclass. For an overview of the \refactoring{Extract Superclass}
+refactoring, see \myref{fig:extractSuperclass}.
+
+\begin{figure}[h]
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[angle=270,width=\linewidth]{extractSuperclassItalic.pdf}
+ \caption{The Extract Superclass refactoring}
+ \label{fig:extractSuperclass}
+\end{figure}
+\section{Manual vs. automated refactorings}
+Refactoring is something every programmer does, even if \heshe does not known
+the term \emph{refactoring}. Every refinement of source code that does not alter
+the program's behavior is a refactoring. For small refactorings, such as
+\ExtractMethod, executing it manually is a manageable task, but is still prone
+to errors. Getting it right the first time is not easy, considering the method
+signature and all the other aspects of the refactoring that has to be in place.
+
+Take for instance the renaming of classes, methods and fields. For complex
+programs these refactorings are almost impossible to get right. Attacking them
+with textual search and replace, or even regular expressions, will fall short on
+these tasks. Then it is crucial to have proper tool support that can perform
+them automatically. Tools that can parse source code and thus have semantic
+knowledge about which occurrences of which names belong to what construct in the
+program. For even trying to perform one of these complex task manually, one
+would have to be very confident on the existing test suite \see{testing}.
+
+\section{Correctness of refactorings}\label{correctness}
+For automated refactorings to be truly useful, they must show a high degree of
+behavior preservation. This last sentence might seem obvious, but there are
+examples of refactorings in existing tools that break programs. I will now
+present an example of an \ExtractMethod refactoring followed by a \MoveMethod
+refactoring that breaks a program in both the \emph{Eclipse} and \emph{IntelliJ}
+IDEs\footnote{The NetBeans IDE handles this particular situation without
+ altering ther program's beavior, mainly because its Move Method refactoring
+ implementation is a bit rancid in other ways \see{toolSupport}.}. The
+ following piece of code shows the target for the composed refactoring:
+
+\begin{minted}[linenos,samepage]{java}
+public class C {
+ public X x = new X();
+
+ public void f() {
+ x.m(this);
+ x.n();
+ }
+}
+\end{minted}
+
+\noindent The next piece of code shows the destination of the refactoring. Note
+that the method \method{m(C c)} of class \type{C} assigns to the field \var{x}
+of the argument \var{c} that has type \type{C}:
+
+\begin{minted}[samepage]{java}
+public class X {
+ public void m(C c) {
+ c.x = new X();
+ }
+ public void n() {}
+}
+\end{minted}
+
+The refactoring sequence works by extracting line 5 and 6 from the original
+class \type{C} into a method \method{f} with the statements from those lines as
+its method body. The method is then moved to the class \type{X}. The result is
+shown in the following two pieces of code:
+
+\begin{minted}[linenos,samepage]{java}
+public class C {
+ public X x = new X();
+
+ public void f() {
+ x.f(this);
+ }
+}
+\end{minted}
+
+\begin{minted}[linenos,samepage]{java}
+public class X {
+ public void m(C c) {
+ c.x = new X();
+ }
+ public void n() {}
+ public void f(C c) {
+ m(c);
+ n();
+ }
+}
+\end{minted}
+
+After the refactoring, the method \method{f} of class \type{C} is calling the
+method \method{f} of class \type{X}, and the program now behaves different than
+before. (See line 5 of the version of class \type{C} after the refactoring.)
+Before the refactoring, the methods \method{m} and \method{n} of class \type{X}
+are called on different object instances (see line 5 and 6 of the original class
+\type{C}). After, they are called on the same object, and the statement on line
+3 of class \type{X} (the version after the refactoring) no longer have any
+ effect in our example.
+
+The bug introduced in the previous example is of such a nature\footnote{Caused
+ by aliasing. See \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliasing_(computing)}}
+ that it is very difficult to spot if the refactored code is not covered by
+ tests. It does not generate compilation errors, and will thus only result in
+ a runtime error or corrupted data, which might be hard to detect.
+
+\section{Refactoring and the importance of testing}\label{testing}
+\begin{quote}
+ If you want to refactor, the essential precondition is having solid
+ tests.\citing{refactoring}
+\end{quote}
+
+When refactoring, there are roughly three classes of errors that can be made.
+The first class of errors are the ones that make the code unable to compile.
+These \emph{compile-time} errors are of the nicer kind. They flash up at the
+moment they are made (at least when using an IDE), and are usually easy to fix.
+The second class are the \emph{runtime} errors. Although they take a bit longer
+to surface, they usually manifest after some time in an illegal argument
+exception, null pointer exception or similar during the program execution.
+These kind of errors are a bit harder to handle, but at least they will show,
+eventually. Then there are the \emph{behavior-changing} errors. These errors are
+of the worst kind. They do not show up during compilation and they do not turn
+on a blinking red light during runtime either. The program can seem to work
+perfectly fine with them in play, but the business logic can be damaged in ways
+that will only show up over time.
+
+For discovering runtime errors and behavior changes when refactoring, it is
+essential to have good test coverage. Testing in this context means writing
+automated tests. Manual testing may have its uses, but when refactoring, it is
+automated unit testing that dominate. For discovering behavior changes it is
+especially important to have tests that cover potential problems, since these
+kind of errors does not reveal themselves.
+
+Unit testing is not a way to \emph{prove} that a program is correct, but it is a
+way to make you confindent that it \emph{probably} works as desired. In the
+context of test driven development (commonly known as TDD), the tests are even a
+way to define how the program is \emph{supposed} to work. It is then, by
+definition, working if the tests are passing.
+
+If the test coverage for a code base is perfect, then it should, theoretically,
+be risk-free to perform refactorings on it. This is why automated tests and
+refactoring are such a great match.
+
+\subsection{Testing the code from correctness section}
+The worst thing that can happen when refactoring is to introduce changes to the
+behavior of a program, as in the example on \myref{correctness}. This example
+may be trivial, but the essence is clear. The only problem with the example is
+that it is not clear how to create automated tests for it, without changing it
+in intrusive ways.
+
+Unit tests, as they are known from the different xUnit frameworks around, are
+only suitable to test the \emph{result} of isolated operations. They can not
+easily (if at all) observe the \emph{history} of a program.
+
+
+\todoin{Write \ldots}
+
+Assuming a sequential (non-concurrent) program:
+
+\begin{minted}{java}
+tracematch (C c, X x) {
+ sym m before:
+ call(* X.m(C)) && args(c) && cflow(within(C));
+ sym n before:
+ call(* X.n()) && target(x) && cflow(within(C));
+ sym setCx after:
+ set(C.x) && target(c) && !cflow(m);
+
+ m n
+
+ { assert x == c.x; }
+}
+\end{minted}
+
+%\begin{minted}{java}
+%tracematch (X x1, X x2) {
+% sym m before:
+% call(* X.m(C)) && target(x1);
+% sym n before:
+% call(* X.n()) && target(x2);
+% sym setX after:
+% set(C.x) && !cflow(m) && !cflow(n);
+%
+% m n
+%
+% { assert x1 != x2; }
+%}
+%\end{minted}
+
+\section{The project}
+The aim of this project will be to investigate the relationship between a
+composite refactoring composed of the \ExtractMethod and \MoveMethod
+refactorings, and its impact on one or more software metrics.
+
+The composition of \ExtractMethod and \MoveMethod springs naturally out of the
+need to move procedures closer to the data they manipulate. This composed
+refactoring is not well described in the literature, but it is implemented in at
+least one tool called
+\emph{CodeRush}\footnote{\url{https://help.devexpress.com/\#CodeRush/CustomDocument3519}},
+that is an extension for \emph{MS Visual
+Studio}\footnote{\url{http://www.visualstudio.com/}}. In CodeRush it is called
+\emph{Extract Method to
+Type}\footnote{\url{https://help.devexpress.com/\#CodeRush/CustomDocument6710}},
+but I choose to call it \ExtractAndMoveMethod, since I feel it better
+communicates which primitive refactorings it is composed of.
+
+For the metrics, I will at least measure the \emph{Coupling between object
+classes} (CBO) metric that is described by Chidamber and Kemerer in their
+article \emph{A Metrics Suite for Object Oriented
+Design}\citing{metricsSuite1994}.
+
+The project will then consist in implementing the \ExtractAndMoveMethod
+refactoring, as well as executing it over a larger code base. Then the effect of
+the change must be measured by calculating the chosen software metrics both
+before and after the execution. To be able to execute the refactoring
+automatically I have to make it analyze code to determine the best selections to
+extract into new methods.
+
+\section{Software metrics}
+\todoin{Is this the appropriate place to have this section?}
%\part{The project}
%\chapter{Planning the project}
%\part{Conclusion}
%\chapter{Results}
+
+
+\chapter{\ldots}
+\todoin{write}
+\section{The problem statement}
+\section{Choosing the target language}
+Choosing which programming language to use as the target for manipulation is not
+a very difficult task. The language has to be an object-oriented programming
+language, and it must have existing tool support for refactoring. The
+\emph{Java} programming language\footnote{\url{https://www.java.com/}} is the
+dominating language when it comes to examples in the literature of refactoring,
+and is thus a natural choice. Java is perhaps, currently the most influential
+programming language in the world, with its \emph{Java Virtual Machine} that
+runs on all of the most popular architectures and also supports\footnote{They
+compile to java bytecode.} dozens of other programming languages, with
+\emph{Scala}, \emph{Clojure} and \emph{Groovy} as the most prominent ones. Java
+is currently the language that every other programming language is compared
+against. It is also the primary language of the author of this thesis.
+
+\section{Choosing the tools}
+When choosing a tool for manipulating Java, there are certain criterias that
+have to be met. First of all, the tool should have some existing refactoring
+support that this thesis can build upon. Secondly it should provide some kind of
+framework for parsing and analyzing Java source code. Third, it should itself be
+open source. This is both because of the need to be able to browse the code for
+the existing refactorings that is contained in the tool, and also because open
+source projects hold value in them selves. Another important aspect to consider
+is that open source projects of a certain size, usually has large communities of
+people connected to them, that are commited to answering questions regarding the
+use and misuse of the products, that to a large degree is made by the cummunity
+itself.
+
+There is a certain class of tools that meet these criterias, namely the class of
+\emph{IDEs}\footnote{\emph{Integrated Development Environment}}. These are
+proagrams that is ment to support the whole production cycle of a cumputer
+program, and the most popular IDEs that support Java, generally have quite good
+refactoring support.
+
+The main contenders for this thesis is the \emph{Eclipse IDE}, with the
+\emph{Java development tools} (JDT), the \emph{IntelliJ IDEA Community Edition}
+and the \emph{NetBeans IDE}. \See{toolSupport} Eclipse and NetBeans are both
+free, open source and community driven, while the IntelliJ IDEA has an open
+sourced community edition that is free of charge, but also offer an
+\emph{Ultimate Edition} with an extended set of features, at additional cost.
+All three IDEs supports adding plugins to extend their functionality and tools
+that can be used to parse and analyze Java source code. But one of the IDEs
+stand out as a favorite, and that is the \emph{Eclipse IDE}. This is the most
+popular\citing{javaReport2011} among them and seems to be de facto standard IDE
+for Java development regardless of platform.
+
+
+\chapter{Refactorings in Eclipse JDT: Design, Shortcomings and Wishful
+Thinking}\label{ch:jdt_refactorings}
+
+This chapter will deal with some of the design behind refactoring support in
+Eclipse, and the JDT in specific. After which it will follow a section about
+shortcomings of the refactoring API in terms of composition of refactorings. The
+chapter will be concluded with a section telling some of the ways the
+implementation of refactorings in the JDT could have worked to facilitate
+composition of refactorings.
+
+\section{Design}
+The refactoring world of Eclipse can in general be separated into two parts: The
+language independent part and the part written for a specific programming
+language -- the language that is the target of the supported refactorings.
+\todo{What about the language specific part?}
+
+\subsection{The Language Toolkit}
+The Language Toolkit, or LTK for short, is the framework that is used to
+implement refactorings in Eclipse. It is language independent and provides the
+abstractions of a refactoring and the change it generates, in the form of the
+classes \typewithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring}{Refactoring} and
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring}{Change}. (There is also parts of
+the LTK that is concerned with user interaction, but they will not be discussed
+here, since they are of little value to us and our use of the framework.)
+
+\subsubsection{The Refactoring Class}
+The abstract class \type{Refactoring} is the core of the LTK framework. Every
+refactoring that is going to be supported by the LTK have to end up creating an
+instance of one of its subclasses. The main responsibilities of subclasses of
+\type{Refactoring} is to implement template methods for condition checking
+(\methodwithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.Refactoring}{checkInitialConditions}
+and
+\methodwithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.Refactoring}{checkFinalConditions}),
+in addition to the
+\methodwithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.Refactoring}{createChange}
+method that creates and returns an instance of the \type{Change} class.
+
+If the refactoring shall support that others participate in it when it is
+executed, the refactoring has to be a processor-based
+refactoring\typeref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.participants.ProcessorBasedRefactoring}.
+It then delegates to its given
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.participants}{RefactoringProcessor}
+for condition checking and change creation.
+
+\subsubsection{The Change Class}
+This class is the base class for objects that is responsible for performing the
+actual workspace transformations in a refactoring. The main responsibilities for
+its subclasses is to implement the
+\methodwithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.Change}{perform} and
+\methodwithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.Change}{isValid} methods. The
+\method{isValid} method verifies that the change object is valid and thus can be
+executed by calling its \method{perform} method. The \method{perform} method
+performs the desired change and returns an undo change that can be executed to
+reverse the effect of the transformation done by its originating change object.
+
+\subsubsection{Executing a Refactoring}\label{executing_refactoring}
+The life cycle of a refactoring generally follows two steps after creation:
+condition checking and change creation. By letting the refactoring object be
+handled by a
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring}{CheckConditionsOperation} that
+in turn is handled by a
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring}{CreateChangeOperation}, it is
+assured that the change creation process is managed in a proper manner.
+
+The actual execution of a change object has to follow a detailed life cycle.
+This life cycle is honored if the \type{CreateChangeOperation} is handled by a
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring}{PerformChangeOperation}. If also
+an undo manager\typeref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.IUndoManager} is set
+for the \type{PerformChangeOperation}, the undo change is added into the undo
+history.
+
+\section{Shortcomings}
+This section is introduced naturally with a conclusion: The JDT refactoring
+implementation does not facilitate composition of refactorings.
+\todo{refine}This section will try to explain why, and also identify other
+shortcomings of both the usability and the readability of the JDT refactoring
+source code.
+
+I will begin at the end and work my way toward the composition part of this
+section.
+
+\subsection{Absence of Generics in Eclipse Source Code}
+This section is not only concerning the JDT refactoring API, but also large
+quantities of the Eclipse source code. The code shows a striking absence of the
+Java language feature of generics. It is hard to read a class' interface when
+methods return objects or takes parameters of raw types such as \type{List} or
+\type{Map}. This sometimes results in having to read a lot of source code to
+understand what is going on, instead of relying on the available interfaces. In
+addition, it results in a lot of ugly code, making the use of typecasting more
+of a rule than an exception.
+
+\subsection{Composite Refactorings Will Not Appear as Atomic Actions}
+
+\subsubsection{Missing Flexibility from JDT Refactorings}
+The JDT refactorings are not made with composition of refactorings in mind. When
+a JDT refactoring is executed, it assumes that all conditions for it to be
+applied successfully can be found by reading source files that has been
+persisted to disk. They can only operate on the actual source material, and not
+(in-memory) copies thereof. This constitutes a major disadvantage when trying to
+compose refactorings, since if an exception occur in the middle of a sequence of
+refactorings, it can leave the project in a state where the composite
+refactoring was executed only partly. It makes it hard to discard the changes
+done without monitoring and consulting the undo manager, an approach that is not
+bullet proof.
+
+\subsubsection{Broken Undo History}
+When designing a composed refactoring that is to be performed as a sequence of
+refactorings, you would like it to appear as a single change to the workspace.
+This implies that you would also like to be able to undo all the changes done by
+the refactoring in a single step. This is not the way it appears when a sequence
+of JDT refactorings is executed. It leaves the undo history filled up with
+individual undo actions corresponding to every single JDT refactoring in the
+sequence. This problem is not trivial to handle in Eclipse.
+\See{hacking_undo_history}
+
+\section{Wishful Thinking}
+\todoin{???}
+
+\chapter{Composite Refactorings in Eclipse}
+
+\section{A Simple Ad Hoc Model}
+As pointed out in \myref{ch:jdt_refactorings}, the Eclipse JDT refactoring model
+is not very well suited for making composite refactorings. Therefore a simple
+model using changer objects (of type \type{RefaktorChanger}) is used as an
+abstraction layer on top of the existing Eclipse refactorings, instead of
+extending the \typewithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring}{Refactoring} class.
+
+The use of an additional abstraction layer is a deliberate choice. It is due to
+the problem of creating a composite
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring}{Change} that can handle text
+changes that interfere with each other. Thus, a \type{RefaktorChanger} may, or
+may not, take advantage of one or more existing refactorings, but it is always
+intended to make a change to the workspace.
+
+\subsection{A typical \type{RefaktorChanger}}
+The typical refaktor changer class has two responsibilities, checking
+preconditions and executing the requested changes. This is not too different
+from the responsibilities of an LTK refactoring, with the distinction that a
+refaktor changer also executes the change, while an LTK refactoring is only
+responsible for creating the object that can later be used to do the job.
+
+Checking of preconditions is typically done by an
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.analyze.analyzers}{Analyzer}. If the
+preconditions validate, the upcoming changes are executed by an
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.change.executors}{Executor}.
+
+\section{The Extract and Move Method Refactoring}
+%The Extract and Move Method Refactoring is implemented mainly using these
+%classes:
+%\begin{itemize}
+% \item \type{ExtractAndMoveMethodChanger}
+% \item \type{ExtractAndMoveMethodPrefixesExtractor}
+% \item \type{Prefix}
+% \item \type{PrefixSet}
+%\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{The Building Blocks}
+This is a composite refactoring, and hence is built up using several primitive
+refactorings. These basic building blocks are, as its name implies, the
+\ExtractMethod refactoring\citing{refactoring} and the \MoveMethod
+refactoring\citing{refactoring}. In Eclipse, the implementations of these
+refactorings are found in the classes
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.jdt.internal.corext.refactoring.code}{ExtractMethodRefactoring}
+and
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.jdt.internal.corext.refactoring.structure}{MoveInstanceMethodProcessor},
+where the last class is designed to be used together with the processor-based
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.participants}{MoveRefactoring}.
+
+\subsubsection{The ExtractMethodRefactoring Class}
+This class is quite simple in its use. The only parameters it requires for
+construction is a compilation
+unit\typeref{org.eclipse.jdt.core.ICompilationUnit}, the offset into the source
+code where the extraction shall start, and the length of the source to be
+extracted. Then you have to set the method name for the new method together with
+its visibility and some not so interesting parameters.
+
+\subsubsection{The MoveInstanceMethodProcessor Class}
+For the Move Method, the processor requires a little more advanced input than
+the class for the Extract Method. For construction it requires a method
+handle\typeref{org.eclipse.jdt.core.IMethod} for the method that is to be moved.
+Then the target for the move have to be supplied as the variable binding from a
+chosen variable declaration. In addition to this, one have to set some
+parameters regarding setters/getters, as well as delegation.
+
+To make a working refactoring from the processor, one have to create a
+\type{MoveRefactoring} with it.
+
+\subsection{The ExtractAndMoveMethodChanger Class}
+
+The \typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.changers}{ExtractAndMoveMethodChanger}
+class is a subclass of the class
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.changers}{RefaktorChanger}. It is responsible
+for analyzing and finding the best target for, and also executing, a composition
+of the Extract Method and Move Method refactorings. This particular changer is
+the one of my changers that is closest to being a true LTK refactoring. It can
+be reworked to be one if the problems with overlapping changes are resolved. The
+changer requires a text selection and the name of the new method, or else a
+method name will be generated. The selection has to be of the type
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.utils}{CompilationUnitTextSelection}. This
+class is a custom extension to
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.jface.text}{TextSelection}, that in addition to the
+basic offset, length and similar methods, also carry an instance of the
+underlying compilation unit handle for the selection.
+
+\subsubsection{The \type{ExtractAndMoveMethodAnalyzer}}
+The analysis and precondition checking is done by the
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.analyze.analyzers}{ExtractAnd\-MoveMethodAnalyzer}.
+First is check whether the selection is a valid selection or not, with respect
+to statement boundaries and that it actually contains any selections. Then it
+checks the legality of both extracting the selection and also moving it to
+another class. If the selection is approved as legal, it is analyzed to find the
+presumably best target to move the extracted method to.
+
+For finding the best suitable target the analyzer is using a
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.analyze.collectors}{PrefixesCollector} that
+collects all the possible candidates for the refactoring. All the non-candidates
+is found by an
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.analyze.collectors}{UnfixesCollector} that
+collects all the targets that will give some kind of error if used. All prefixes
+(and unfixes) are represented by a
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.extractors}{Prefix}, and they are collected
+into sets of prefixes. The safe prefixes is found by subtracting from the set of
+candidate prefixes the prefixes that is enclosing any of the unfixes. A prefix
+is enclosing an unfix if the unfix is in the set of its sub-prefixes. As an
+example, \texttt{``a.b''} is enclosing \texttt{``a''}, as is \texttt{``a''}. The
+safe prefixes is unified in a \type{PrefixSet}. If a prefix has only one
+occurrence, and is a simple expression, it is considered unsuitable as a move
+target. This occurs in statements such as \texttt{``a.foo()''}. For such
+statements it bares no meaning to extract and move them. It only generates an
+extra method and the calling of it.
+
+\todoin{Clean up sections/subsections.}
+
+\subsubsection{The \type{ExtractAndMoveMethodExecutor}}
+If the analysis finds a possible target for the composite refactoring, it is
+executed by an
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.change.executors}{ExtractAndMoveMethodExecutor}.
+It is composed of the two executors known as
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.change.executors}{ExtractMethodRefactoringExecutor}
+and
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.change.executors}{MoveMethodRefactoringExecutor}.
+The \type{ExtractAndMoveMethodExecutor} is responsible for gluing the two
+together by feeding the \type{MoveMethod\-RefactoringExecutor} with the
+resources needed after executing the extract method refactoring.
+\See{postExtractExecution}
+
+\subsubsection{The \type{ExtractMethodRefactoringExecutor}}
+This executor is responsible for creating and executing an instance of the
+\type{ExtractMethodRefactoring} class. It is also responsible for collecting
+some post execution resources that can be used to find the method handle for the
+extracted method, as well as information about its parameters, including the
+variable they originated from.
+
+\subsubsection{The \type{MoveMethodRefactoringExecutor}}
+This executor is responsible for creating and executing an instance of the
+\type{MoveRefactoring}. The move refactoring is a processor-based refactoring,
+and for the Move Method refactoring it is the \type{MoveInstanceMethodProcessor}
+that is used.
+
+The handle for the method to be moved is found on the basis of the information
+gathered after the execution of the Extract Method refactoring. The only
+information the \type{ExtractMethodRefactoring} is sharing after its execution,
+regarding find the method handle, is the textual representation of the new
+method signature. Therefore it must be parsed, the strings for types of the
+parameters must be found and translated to a form that can be used to look up
+the method handle from its type handle. They have to be on the unresolved
+form.\todo{Elaborate?} The name for the type is found from the original
+selection, since an extracted method must end up in the same type as the
+originating method.
+
+When analyzing a selection prior to performing the Extract Method refactoring, a
+target is chosen. It has to be a variable binding, so it is either a field or a
+local variable/parameter. If the target is a field, it can be used with the
+\type{MoveInstanceMethodProcessor} as it is, since the extracted method still is
+in its scope. But if the target is local to the originating method, the target
+that is to be used for the processor must be among its parameters. Thus the
+target must be found among the extracted method's parameters. This is done by
+finding the parameter information object that corresponds to the parameter that
+was declared on basis of the original target's variable when the method was
+extracted. (The extracted method must take one such parameter for each local
+variable that is declared outside the selection that is extracted.) To match the
+original target with the correct parameter information object, the key for the
+information object is compared to the key from the original target's binding.
+The source code must then be parsed to find the method declaration for the
+extracted method. The new target must be found by searching through the
+parameters of the declaration and choose the one that has the same type as the
+old binding from the parameter information object, as well as the same name that
+is provided by the parameter information object.
+
+
+\subsection{Finding the IMethod}\label{postExtractExecution}
+\todoin{Rename section. Write.}
+
+\subsection{Property collectors}
+The prefixes and unfixes are found by property
+collectors\typeref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.extractors.collectors.PropertyCollector}.
+A property collector follows the visitor pattern\citing{designPatterns} and is
+of the \typewithref{org.eclipse.jdt.core.dom}{ASTVisitor} type. An
+\type{ASTVisitor} visits nodes in an abstract syntax tree that forms the Java
+document object model. The tree consists of nodes of type
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.jdt.core.do}{ASTNode}.
+
+\subsubsection{The PrefixesCollector}
+The \typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.extractors.collectors}{PrefixesCollector}
+finds prefixes that makes up tha basis for calculating move targets for the
+Extract and Move Method refactoring. It visits expression
+statements\typeref{org.eclipse.jdt.core.dom.ExpressionStatement} and creates
+prefixes from its expressions in the case of method invocations. The prefixes
+found is registered with a prefix set, together with all its sub-prefixes.
+\todo{Rewrite in the case of changes to the way prefixes are found}
+
+\subsubsection{The UnfixesCollector}\label{unfixes}
+The \typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.extractors.collectors}{UnfixesCollector}
+finds unfixes within a selection. That is prefixes that cannot be used as a
+basis for finding a move target in a refactoring.
+
+An unfix can be a name that is assigned to within a selection. The reason that
+this cannot be allowed, is that the result would be an assignment to the
+\type{this} keyword, which is not valid in Java \see{eclipse_bug_420726}.
+
+Prefixes that originates from variable declarations within the same selection
+are also considered unfixes. This is because when a method is moved, it needs to
+be called through a variable. If this variable is also within the method that is
+to be moved, this obviously cannot be done.
+
+Also considered as unfixes are variable references that are of types that is not
+suitable for moving a methods to. This can be either because it is not
+physically possible to move the method to the desired class or that it will
+cause compilation errors by doing so.
+
+If the type binding for a name is not resolved it is considered and unfix. The
+same applies to types that is only found in compiled code, so they have no
+underlying source that is accessible to us. (E.g. the \type{java.lang.String}
+class.)
+
+Interfaces types are not suitable as targets. This is simply because interfaces
+in java cannot contain methods with bodies. (This thesis does not deal with
+features of Java versions later than Java 7. Java 8 has interfaces with default
+implementations of methods.) Neither are local types allowed. This accounts for
+both local and anonymous classes. Anonymous classes are effectively the same as
+interface types with respect to unfixes. Local classes could in theory be used
+as targets, but this is not possible due to limitations of the implementation of
+the Extract and Move Method refactoring. The problem is that the refactoring is
+done in two steps, so the intermediate state between the two refactorings would
+not be legal Java code. In the case of local classes, the problem is that, in
+the intermediate step, a selection referencing a local class would need to take
+the local class as a parameter if it were to be extracted to a new method. This
+new method would need to live in the scope of the declaring class of the
+originating method. The local class would then not be in the scope of the
+extracted method, thus bringing the source code into an illegal state. One could
+imagine that the method was extracted and moved in one operation, without an
+intermediate state. Then it would make sense to include variables with types of
+local classes in the set of legal targets, since the local classes would then be
+in the scopes of the method calls. If this makes any difference for software
+metrics that measure coupling would be a different discussion.
+
+\begin{listing}
+\begin{multicols}{2}
+\begin{minted}[]{java}
+// Before
+void declaresLocalClass() {
+ class LocalClass {
+ void foo() {}
+ void bar() {}
+ }
+
+ LocalClass inst =
+ new LocalClass();
+ inst.foo();
+ inst.bar();
+}
+\end{minted}
+
+\columnbreak
+
+\begin{minted}[]{java}
+// After Extract Method
+void declaresLocalClass() {
+ class LocalClass {
+ void foo() {}
+ void bar() {}
+ }
+
+ LocalClass inst =
+ new LocalClass();
+ fooBar(inst);
+}
+
+// Intermediate step
+void fooBar(LocalClass inst) {
+ inst.foo();
+ inst.bar();
+}
+\end{minted}
+\end{multicols}
+\caption{When Extract and Move Method tries to use a variable with a local type
+as the move target, an intermediate step is taken that is not allowed. Here:
+\type{LocalClass} is not in the scope of \method{fooBar} in its intermediate
+location.}
+\label{lst:extractMethod_LocalClass}
+\end{listing}
+
+The last class of names that are considered unfixes is names used in null tests.
+These are tests that reads like this: if \texttt{<name>} equals \var{null} then
+do something. If allowing variables used in those kinds of expressions as
+targets for moving methods, we would end up with code containing boolean
+expressions like \texttt{this == null}, which would not be meaningful, since
+\var{this} would never be \var{null}.
+
+\subsection{The Prefix Class}
+This class exists mainly for holding data about a prefix, such as the expression
+that the prefix represents and the occurrence count of the prefix within a
+selection. In addition to this, it has some functionality such as calculating
+its sub-prefixes and intersecting it with another prefix. The definition of the
+intersection between two prefixes is a prefix representing the longest common
+expression between the two.
+
+\subsection{The PrefixSet Class}
+A prefix set holds elements of type \type{Prefix}. It is implemented with the
+help of a \typewithref{java.util}{HashMap} and contains some typical set
+operations, but it does not implement the \typewithref{java.util}{Set}
+interface, since the prefix set does not need all of the functionality a
+\type{Set} requires to be implemented. In addition It needs some other
+functionality not found in the \type{Set} interface. So due to the relatively
+limited use of prefix sets, and that it almost always needs to be referenced as
+such, and not a \type{Set<Prefix>}, it remains as an ad hoc solution to a
+concrete problem.
+
+There are two ways adding prefixes to a \type{PrefixSet}. The first is through
+its \method{add} method. This works like one would expect from a set. It adds
+the prefix to the set if it does not already contain the prefix. The other way
+is to \emph{register} the prefix with the set. When registering a prefix, if the
+set does not contain the prefix, it is just added. If the set contains the
+prefix, its count gets incremented. This is how the occurrence count is handled.
+
+The prefix set also computes the set of prefixes that is not enclosing any
+prefixes of another set. This is kind of a set difference operation only for
+enclosing prefixes.
+
+\subsection{Hacking the Refactoring Undo
+History}\label{hacking_undo_history}
+\todoin{Where to put this section?}
+
+As an attempt to make multiple subsequent changes to the workspace appear as a
+single action (i.e. make the undo changes appear as such), I tried to alter
+the undo changes\typeref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.Change} in the history
+of the refactorings.
+
+My first impulse was to remove the, in this case, last two undo changes from the
+undo manager\typeref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.IUndoManager} for the
+Eclipse refactorings, and then add them to a composite
+change\typeref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.CompositeChange} that could be
+added back to the manager. The interface of the undo manager does not offer a
+way to remove/pop the last added undo change, so a possible solution could be to
+decorate\citing{designPatterns} the undo manager, to intercept and collect the
+undo changes before delegating to the \method{addUndo}
+method\methodref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.IUndoManager}{addUndo} of the
+manager. Instead of giving it the intended undo change, a null change could be
+given to prevent it from making any changes if run. Then one could let the
+collected undo changes form a composite change to be added to the manager.
+
+There is a technical challenge with this approach, and it relates to the undo
+manager, and the concrete implementation
+UndoManager2\typeref{org.eclipse.ltk.internal.core.refactoring.UndoManager2}.
+This implementation is designed in a way that it is not possible to just add an
+undo change, you have to do it in the context of an active
+operation\typeref{org.eclipse.core.commands.operations.TriggeredOperations}.
+One could imagine that it might be possible to trick the undo manager into
+believing that you are doing a real change, by executing a refactoring that is
+returning a kind of null change that is returning our composite change of undo
+refactorings when it is performed.
+
+Apart from the technical problems with this solution, there is a functional
+problem: If it all had worked out as planned, this would leave the undo history
+in a dirty state, with multiple empty undo operations corresponding to each of
+the sequentially executed refactoring operations, followed by a composite undo
+change corresponding to an empty change of the workspace for rounding of our
+composite refactoring. The solution to this particular problem could be to
+intercept the registration of the intermediate changes in the undo manager, and
+only register the last empty change.
+
+Unfortunately, not everything works as desired with this solution. The grouping
+of the undo changes into the composite change does not make the undo operation
+appear as an atomic operation. The undo operation is still split up into
+separate undo actions, corresponding to the change done by its originating
+refactoring. And in addition, the undo actions has to be performed separate in
+all the editors involved. This makes it no solution at all, but a step toward
+something worse.
+
+There might be a solution to this problem, but it remains to be found. The
+design of the refactoring undo management is partly to be blamed for this, as it
+it is to complex to be easily manipulated.
+
+
+
+
+\chapter{Analyzing Code}
+
+\section{AST}
+\todoin{Explain what it is, or just how it is structured in Eclipse and how to
+analyze it?}
+
+\section{Illegal selections}
+
+\subsection{Not all branches end in return}
+
+\subsection{Ambiguous return statement}
+This problem occurs when there is either more than one assignment to a local
+variable that is used outside of the selection, or there is only one, but there
+are also return statements in the selection.
+
+\todoin{Explain why we do not need to consider variables assigned inside
+local/anonymous classes. (The referenced variables need to be final and so
+on\ldots)}
+
+\chapter{Eclipse Bugs Found}
+\todoin{Add other things and change headline?}
+
+\section{Eclipse bug 420726: Code is broken when moving a method that is
+assigning to the parameter that is also the move
+destination}\label{eclipse_bug_420726}
+This bug\footnote{\url{https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show\_bug.cgi?id=420726}}
+was found when analyzing what kinds of names that was to be considered as
+\emph{unfixes} \see{unfixes}.
+
+\subsection{The bug}
+The bug emerges when trying to move a method from one class to another, and when
+the target for the move (must be a variable, local or field) is both a parameter
+variable and also is assigned to within the method body. Eclipse allows this to
+happen, although it is the sure path to a compilation error. This is because we
+would then have an assignment to a \var{this} expression, which is not allowed
+in Java.
+
+\subsection{The solution}
+The solution to this problem is to add all simple names that are assigned to in
+a method body to the set of unfixes.
+
+\section{Eclipse bug 429416: IAE when moving method from anonymous class}
+I
+discovered\footnote{\url{https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show\_bug.cgi?id=429416}}
+this bug during a batch change on the \type{org.eclipse.jdt.ui} project.
+
+\subsection{The bug}
+This bug surfaces when trying to use the Move Method refactoring to move a
+method from an anonymous class to another class. This happens both for my
+simulation as well as in Eclipse, through the user interface. It only occurs
+when Eclipse analyses the program and finds it necessary to pass an instance of
+the originating class as a parameter to the moved method. I.e. it want to pass a
+\var{this} expression. The execution ends in an
+\typewithref{java.lang}{IllegalArgumentException} in
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.jdt.core.dom}{SimpleName} and its
+\method{setIdentifier(String)} method. The simple name is attempted created in
+the method
+\methodwithref{org.eclipse.jdt.internal.corext.refactoring.structure.\\MoveInstanceMethodProcessor}{createInlinedMethodInvocation}
+so the \type{MoveInstanceMethodProcessor} was early a clear suspect.
+
+The \method{createInlinedMethodInvocation} is the method that creates a method
+invocation where the previous invocation to the method that was moved was. From
+its code it can be read that when a \var{this} expression is going to be passed
+in to the invocation, it shall be qualified with the name of the original
+method's declaring class, if the declaring class is either an anonymous clas or
+a member class. The problem with this, is that an anonymous class does not have
+a name, hence the term \emph{anonymous} class! Therefore, when its name, an
+empty string, is passed into
+\methodwithref{org.eclipse.jdt.core.dom.AST}{newSimpleName} it all ends in an
+\type{IllegalArgumentException}.
+
+\subsection{How I solved the problem}
+Since the \type{MoveInstanceMethodProcessor} is instantiated in the
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.change.executors}{MoveMethod\-RefactoringExecutor},
+and only need to be a
+\typewithref{org.eclipse.ltk.core.refactoring.participants}{MoveProcessor}, I
+was able to copy the code for the original move processor and modify it so that
+it works better for me. It is now called
+\typewithref{no.uio.ifi.refaktor.refactorings.processors}{ModifiedMoveInstanceMethodProcessor}.
+The only modification done (in addition to some imports and suppression of
+warnings), is in the \method{createInlinedMethodInvocation}. When the declaring
+class of the method to move is anonymous, the \var{this} expression in the
+parameter list is not qualified with the declaring class' (empty) name.
+
+\section{Eclipse bug 429954: Extracting statement with reference to local type
+breaks code}\label{eclipse_bug_429954}
+The bug\footnote{\url{https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show\_bug.cgi?id=429954}}
+was discovered when doing some changes to the way unfixes is computed.
+
+\subsection{The bug}
+The problem is that Eclipse is allowing selections that references variables of
+local types to be extracted. When this happens the code is broken, since the
+extracted method must take a parameter of a local type that is not in the
+methods scope. The problem is illustrated in
+\myref{lst:extractMethod_LocalClass}, but there in another setting.
+
+\subsection{Actions taken}
+There are no actions directly springing out of this bug, since the Extract
+Method refactoring cannot be meant to be this way. This is handled on the
+analysis stage of our Extract and Move Method refactoring. So names representing
+variables of local types is considered unfixes \see{unfixes}.
+\todoin{write more when fixing this in legal statements checker}
+
+\chapter{Related Work}
+
+\section{The compositional paradigm of refactoring}
+This paradigm builds upon the observation of Vakilian et
+al.\citing{vakilian2012}, that of the many automated refactorings existing in
+modern IDEs, the simplest ones are dominating the usage statistics. The report
+mainly focuses on \emph{Eclipse} as the tool under investigation.
+
+The paradigm is described almost as the opposite of automated composition of
+refactorings \see{compositeRefactorings}. It works by providing the programmer
+with easily accessible primitive refactorings. These refactorings shall be
+accessed via keyboard shortcuts or quick-assist menus\footnote{Think
+quick-assist with Ctrl+1 in Eclipse} and be promptly executed, opposed to in the
+currently dominating wizard-based refactoring paradigm. They are ment to
+stimulate composing smaller refactorings into more complex changes, rather than
+doing a large upfront configuration of a wizard-based refactoring, before
+previewing and executing it. The compositional paradigm of refactoring is
+supposed to give control back to the programmer, by supporting \himher with an
+option of performing small rapid changes instead of large changes with a lesser
+degree of control. The report authors hope this will lead to fewer unsuccessful
+refactorings. It also could lower the bar for understanding the steps of a
+larger composite refactoring and thus also help in figuring out what goes wrong
+if one should choose to op in on a wizard-based refactoring.
+
+Vakilian and his associates have performed a survey of the effectiveness of the
+compositional paradigm versus the wizard-based one. They claim to have found
+evidence of that the \emph{compositional paradigm} outperforms the
+\emph{wizard-based}. It does so by reducing automation, which seem
+counterintuitive. Therefore they ask the question ``What is an appropriate level
+of automation?'', and thus questions what they feel is a rush toward more
+automation in the software engineering community.
+
+
\backmatter{}
\printbibliography
+\listoftodos
\end{document}
git://git.uio.no / ifi-stolz-refaktor.git / blobdiff