1 // StringFragmentation.cc is a part of the PYTHIA event generator.
2 // Copyright (C) 2008 Torbjorn Sjostrand.
3 // PYTHIA is licenced under the GNU GPL version 2, see COPYING for details.
4 // Please respect the MCnet Guidelines, see GUIDELINES for details.
6 // Function definitions (not found in the header) for the StringEnd and
7 // StringFragmentation classes.
9 #include "StringFragmentation.h"
13 //**************************************************************************
15 // The StringEnd class.
19 // Constants: could be changed here if desired, but normally should not.
21 // Avoid unphysical solutions to equation system.
22 const double StringEnd::TINY = 1e-6;
24 // Assume two (eX, eY) regions are related if pT2 differs by less.
25 const double StringEnd::PT2SAME = 0.01;
29 // Set up initial endpoint values from input.
31 void StringEnd::setUp(bool fromPosIn, int iEndIn, int idOldIn, int iMaxIn,
32 double pxIn, double pyIn, double GammaIn, double xPosIn, double xNegIn) {
34 // Simple transcription from input.
38 flavOld = FlavContainer(idOldIn);
42 iPosOld = (fromPos) ? 0 : iMax;
43 iNegOld = (fromPos) ? iMax : 0;
51 // Fragment off one hadron from the string system, in flavour and pT.
53 void StringEnd::newHadron() {
55 // Pick new flavour and form a new hadron.
57 flavNew = flavSelPtr->pick( flavOld);
58 idHad = flavSelPtr->combine( flavOld, flavNew);
61 // Pick its transverse momentum.
62 pxNew = pTSelPtr->px();
63 pyNew = pTSelPtr->py();
64 pxHad = pxOld + pxNew;
65 pyHad = pyOld + pyNew;
67 // Pick its mass and thereby define its transverse mass.
68 mHad = ParticleDataTable::mass(idHad);
69 mT2Had = pow2(mHad) + pow2(pxHad) + pow2(pyHad);
75 // Fragment off one hadron from the string system, in momentum space,
76 // by taking steps from positive end.
78 Vec4 StringEnd::kinematicsHadron( StringSystem& system) {
80 // Pick fragmentation step z and calculate new Gamma.
81 zHad = zSelPtr->zFrag( flavOld.id, flavNew.id, mT2Had);
82 GammaNew = (1. - zHad) * (GammaOld + mT2Had / zHad);
84 // Set up references that are direction-neutral;
85 // ...Dir for direction of iteration and ...Inv for its inverse.
86 int& iDirOld = (fromPos) ? iPosOld : iNegOld;
87 int& iInvOld = (fromPos) ? iNegOld : iPosOld;
88 int& iDirNew = (fromPos) ? iPosNew : iNegNew;
89 int& iInvNew = (fromPos) ? iNegNew : iPosNew;
90 double& xDirOld = (fromPos) ? xPosOld : xNegOld;
91 double& xInvOld = (fromPos) ? xNegOld : xPosOld;
92 double& xDirNew = (fromPos) ? xPosNew : xNegNew;
93 double& xInvNew = (fromPos) ? xNegNew : xPosNew;
94 double& xDirHad = (fromPos) ? xPosHad : xNegHad;
95 double& xInvHad = (fromPos) ? xNegHad : xPosHad;
97 // Start search for new breakup in the old region.
102 // Each step corresponds to trying a new string region.
103 for (int iStep = 0; ; ++iStep) {
105 // Referance to current string region.
106 StringRegion& region = system.region( iPosNew, iNegNew);
108 // Now begin special section for rapid processing of low region.
109 if (iStep == 0 && iPosOld + iNegOld == iMax) {
111 // A first step within a low region is easy.
112 if (mT2Had < zHad * xDirOld * (1. - xInvOld) * region.w2) {
114 // Translate into x coordinates.
115 xDirHad = zHad * xDirOld;
116 xInvHad = mT2Had / (xDirHad * region.w2);
117 xDirNew = xDirOld - xDirHad;
118 xInvNew = xInvOld + xInvHad;
120 // Find and return four-momentum of the produced particle.
121 return region.pHad( xPosHad, xNegHad, pxHad, pyHad);
123 // A first step out of a low region also OK, if there are more regions.
124 // Negative energy signals failure, i.e. in last region.
127 if (iInvNew < 0) return Vec4(0., 0., 0., -1.);
129 // Momentum taken by stepping out of region. Continue to next region.
130 xInvHad = 1. - xInvOld;
132 pSoFar = region.pHad( xPosHad, xNegHad, pxOld, pyOld);
136 // Else, for first step, take into account starting pT.
137 } else if (iStep == 0) {
138 pSoFar = region.pHad( 0., 0., pxOld, pyOld);
139 pTNew = region.pHad( 0., 0., pxNew, pyNew);
142 // Now begin normal treatment of nontrivial regions.
143 // Set up four-vectors in a region not visited before.
144 if (!region.isSetUp) region.setUp(
145 system.regionLowPos(iPosNew).pPos,
146 system.regionLowNeg(iNegNew).pNeg, true);
148 // If new region is vanishingly small, continue immediately to next.
149 // Negative energy signals failure to do this, i.e. moved too low.
150 if (region.isEmpty) {
151 xDirHad = (iDirNew == iDirOld) ? xDirOld : 1.;
153 pSoFar += region.pHad( xPosHad, xNegHad, 0., 0.);
155 if (iDirNew + iInvNew > iMax) return Vec4(0., 0., 0., -1.);
159 // Reexpress pTNew w.r.t. base vectors in new region, if possible.
160 // Recall minus sign from normalization e_x^2 = e_y^2 = -1.
161 double pxNewTemp = -pTNew * region.eX;
162 double pyNewTemp = -pTNew * region.eY;
163 if (abs( pxNewTemp * pxNewTemp + pyNewTemp * pyNewTemp
164 - pxNew * pxNew - pyNew * pyNew) < PT2SAME) {
169 // Four-momentum taken so far, including new pT.
170 Vec4 pTemp = pSoFar + region.pHad( 0., 0., pxNew, pyNew);
172 // Derive coefficients for m2 expression.
173 // cM2 * x+ + cM3 * x- + cM4 * x+ * x- = m^2 - cM1;
174 double cM1 = pTemp.m2Calc();
175 double cM2 = 2. * (pTemp * region.pPos);
176 double cM3 = 2. * (pTemp * region.pNeg);
177 double cM4 = region.w2;
178 if (!fromPos) swap( cM2, cM3);
180 // Derive coefficients for Gamma expression.
181 // cGam2 * x+ + cGam3 * x- + cGam4 * x+ * x- = Gamma_new - cGam1;
186 for (int iInv = iInvNew; iInv <= iMax - iDirNew; ++iInv) {
188 if (iInv == iInvNew) xInv = (iInvNew == iInvOld) ? xInvOld : 0.;
189 for (int iDir = iDirNew; iDir <= iMax - iInv; ++iDir) {
190 double xDir = (iDir == iDirOld) ? xDirOld : 1.;
191 int iPos = (fromPos) ? iDir : iInv;
192 int iNeg = (fromPos) ? iInv : iDir;
193 StringRegion& regionGam = system.region( iPos, iNeg);
194 if (!regionGam.isSetUp) regionGam.setUp(
195 system.regionLowPos(iPos).pPos,
196 system.regionLowNeg(iNeg).pNeg, true);
197 double w2 = regionGam.w2;
198 cGam1 += xDir * xInv * w2;
199 if (iDir == iDirNew) cGam2 -= xInv * w2;
200 if (iInv == iInvNew) cGam3 += xDir * w2;
201 if (iDir == iDirNew && iInv == iInvNew) cGam4 -= w2;
205 // Solve (m2, Gamma) equation system => r2 * x-^2 + r1 * x- + r0 = 0.
206 double cM0 = pow2(mHad) - cM1;
207 double cGam0 = GammaNew - cGam1;
208 double r2 = cM3 * cGam4 - cM4 * cGam3;
209 double r1 = cM4 * cGam0 - cM0 * cGam4 + cM3 * cGam2 - cM2 * cGam3;
210 double r0 = cM2 * cGam0 - cM0 * cGam2;
211 double root = sqrtpos( r1*r1 - 4. * r2 * r0 );
212 if (abs(r2) < TINY || root < TINY) return Vec4(0., 0., 0., -1.);
213 xInvHad = 0.5 * (root / abs(r2) - r1 / r2);
214 xDirHad = (cM0 - cM3 * xInvHad) / (cM2 + cM4 * xInvHad);
216 // Define position of new trial vertex.
217 xDirNew = (iDirNew == iDirOld) ? xDirOld - xDirHad : 1. - xDirHad;
218 xInvNew = (iInvNew == iInvOld) ? xInvOld + xInvHad : xInvHad;
220 // Step up to new region if new x- > 1.
222 xInvHad = (iInvNew == iInvOld) ? 1. - xInvOld : 1.;
224 pSoFar += region.pHad( xPosHad, xNegHad, 0., 0.);
226 if (iInvNew < 0) return Vec4(0., 0., 0., -1.);
229 // Step down to new region if new x+ < 0.
230 } else if (xDirNew < 0.) {
231 xDirHad = (iDirNew == iDirOld) ? xDirOld : 1.;
233 pSoFar += region.pHad( xPosHad, xNegHad, 0., 0.);
235 if (iDirNew + iInvNew > iMax) return Vec4(0., 0., 0., -1.);
239 // Else we have found the correct region, and can return four-momentum.
240 return pSoFar + region.pHad( xPosHad, xNegHad, pxNew, pyNew);
242 // End of "infinite" loop of stepping to new region.
249 // Update string end information after a hadron has been removed.
251 void StringEnd::update() {
253 flavOld.anti(flavNew);
264 //**************************************************************************
266 // The StringFragmentation class.
270 // Constants: could be changed here if desired, but normally should not.
271 // These are of technical nature, as described for each.
273 // Maximum number of tries to (flavour-, energy) join the two string ends.
274 const int StringFragmentation::NTRYFLAV = 10;
275 const int StringFragmentation::NTRYJOIN = 25;
277 // The last few times gradually increase the stop mass to make it easier.
278 const int StringFragmentation::NSTOPMASS = 10;
279 const double StringFragmentation::FACSTOPMASS = 1.05;
281 // For closed string, pick a Gamma by taking a step with fictitious mass.
282 const double StringFragmentation::CLOSEDM2MAX = 25.;
283 const double StringFragmentation::CLOSEDM2FRAC = 0.1;
285 // Do not allow too large argument to exp function.
286 const double StringFragmentation::EXPMAX = 50.;
288 // Matching criterion that p+ and p- not the same (can happen in gg loop).
289 const double StringFragmentation::MATCHPOSNEG = 1e-6;
291 // For pull on junction, do not trace too far down each leg.
292 const double StringFragmentation::EJNWEIGHTMAX = 10.;
294 // Iterate junction rest frame boost until convergence or too many tries.
295 const double StringFragmentation::CONVJNREST = 1e-5;
296 const int StringFragmentation::NTRYJNREST = 20;
298 // Fail and try again when two legs combined to diquark (3 loops).
299 const int StringFragmentation::NTRYJNMATCH = 20;
301 // Consider junction-leg parton as massless if m2 tiny.
302 const double StringFragmentation::M2MAXJRF = 1e-4;
304 // Iterate junction rest frame equation until convergence or too many tries.
305 const double StringFragmentation::CONVJRFEQ = 1e-12;
306 const int StringFragmentation::NTRYJRFEQ = 40;
310 // Initialize and save pointers.
312 void StringFragmentation::init(Info* infoPtrIn, StringFlav* flavSelPtrIn,
313 StringPT* pTSelPtrIn, StringZ* zSelPtrIn) {
317 flavSelPtr = flavSelPtrIn;
318 pTSelPtr = pTSelPtrIn;
321 // Initialize the StringFragmentation class.
322 stopMass = Settings::parm("StringFragmentation:stopMass");
323 stopNewFlav = Settings::parm("StringFragmentation:stopNewFlav");
324 stopSmear = Settings::parm("StringFragmentation:stopSmear");
325 eNormJunction = Settings::parm("StringFragmentation:eNormJunction");
327 = Settings::parm("StringFragmentation:eBothLeftJunction");
329 = Settings::parm("StringFragmentation:eMaxLeftJunction");
331 = Settings::parm("StringFragmentation:eMinLeftJunction");
333 // Initialize the b parameter of the z spectrum, used when joining jets.
334 bLund = Settings::parm("StringZ:bLund");
336 // Send on pointers to the two StringEnd instances.
337 posEnd.init( flavSelPtr, pTSelPtr, zSelPtr);
338 negEnd.init( flavSelPtr, pTSelPtr, zSelPtr);
344 // Perform the fragmentation.
346 bool StringFragmentation::fragment( int iSub, ColConfig& colConfig,
349 // Find partons and their total four-momentum.
350 iParton = colConfig[iSub].iParton;
352 if (iPos < 0) iPos = iParton[1];
353 int idPos = event[iPos].id();
354 iNeg = iParton.back();
355 int idNeg = event[iNeg].id();
356 pSum = colConfig[iSub].pSum;
358 // Reset the local event record.
361 // For closed gluon string: pick first breakup region.
362 isClosed = colConfig[iSub].isClosed;
363 if (isClosed) iParton = findFirstRegion(iParton, event);
365 // For junction topology: fragment off two of the string legs.
366 // Then iParton overwritten to remaining leg + leftover diquark.
367 pJunctionHadrons = 0.;
368 hasJunction = colConfig[iSub].hasJunction;
369 if (hasJunction && !fragmentToJunction(event)) return false;
370 int junctionHadrons = hadrons.size();
372 idPos = event[ iParton[0] ].id();
373 idNeg = event.back().id();
374 pSum -= pJunctionHadrons;
377 // Set up kinematics of string evolution ( = motion).
378 system.setUp(iParton, event);
379 stopMassNow = stopMass;
381 // Fallback loop, when joining in the middle fails. Bailout if stuck.
382 for ( int iTry = 0; ; ++iTry) {
383 if (iTry > NTRYJOIN) {
384 infoPtr->errorMsg("Error in StringFragmentation::fragment: "
386 if (hasJunction) event.popBack(1);
390 // After several failed tries gradually allow larger stop mass.
391 if (iTry > NTRYJOIN - NSTOPMASS) stopMassNow *= FACSTOPMASS;
393 // Set up flavours of two string ends, and reset other info.
394 setStartEnds(idPos, idNeg, system);
397 // Begin fragmentation loop, interleaved from the two ends.
401 // Take a step either from the positive or the negative end.
402 fromPos = (Rndm::flat() < 0.5);
403 StringEnd& nowEnd = (fromPos) ? posEnd : negEnd;
405 // Construct trial hadron and check that energy remains.
407 if ( energyUsedUp(fromPos) ) break;
409 // Construct kinematics of the new hadron and store it.
410 Vec4 pHad = nowEnd.kinematicsHadron(system);
411 int statusHad = (fromPos) ? 83 : 84;
412 hadrons.append( nowEnd.idHad, statusHad, iPos, iNeg,
413 0, 0, 0, 0, pHad, nowEnd.mHad);
414 if (pHad.e() < 0.) break;
416 // Update string end and remaining momentum.
420 // End of fragmentation loop.
423 // When done, join in the middle. If this works, then really done.
424 if ( finalTwo(fromPos) ) break;
426 // Else remove produced particles (except from first two junction legs)
427 // and start all over.
428 int newHadrons = hadrons.size() - junctionHadrons;
429 hadrons.popBack(newHadrons);
432 // Junctions: remove fictitious end, restore original parton list
435 iParton = colConfig[iSub].iParton;
438 // Store the hadrons in the normal event record, ordered from one end.
448 // Find region where to put first string break for closed gluon loop.
450 vector<int> StringFragmentation::findFirstRegion(vector<int>& iPartonIn,
453 // Evaluate mass-squared for all adjacent gluon pairs.
454 vector<double> m2Pair;
456 int size = iPartonIn.size();
457 for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
458 double m2Now = 0.5 * event[ iPartonIn[i] ].p()
459 * event[ iPartonIn[(i + 1)%size] ].p();
460 m2Pair.push_back(m2Now);
464 // Pick breakup region with probability proportional to mass-squared.
465 double m2Reg = m2Sum * Rndm::flat();
467 do m2Reg -= m2Pair[++iReg];
468 while (m2Reg > 0 && iReg < size - 1);
470 // Create reordered parton list, with breakup string region duplicated.
471 vector<int> iPartonOut;
472 for (int i = 0; i < size + 2; ++i)
473 iPartonOut.push_back( iPartonIn[(i + iReg)%size] );
482 // Set flavours and momentum position for initial string endpoints.
484 void StringFragmentation::setStartEnds( int idPos, int idNeg,
485 StringSystem systemNow) {
487 // Variables characterizing string endpoints: defaults for open string.
491 double xPosFromPos = 1.;
492 double xNegFromPos = 0.;
493 double xPosFromNeg = 0.;
494 double xNegFromNeg = 1.;
496 // For closed gluon loop need to pick an initial flavour.
499 int idTry = flavSelPtr->pickLightQ();
500 FlavContainer flavTry(idTry, 1);
501 flavTry = flavSelPtr->pick( flavTry);
502 flavTry = flavSelPtr->pick( flavTry);
505 } while (idPos == 0);
507 // Also need pT and breakup vertex position in region.
510 double m2Region = systemNow.regionLowPos(0).w2;
511 double m2Temp = min( CLOSEDM2MAX, CLOSEDM2FRAC * m2Region);
513 double zTemp = zSelPtr->zFrag( idPos, idNeg, m2Temp);
514 xPosFromPos = 1. - zTemp;
515 xNegFromPos = m2Temp / (zTemp * m2Region);
516 } while (xNegFromPos > 1.);
517 Gamma = xPosFromPos * xNegFromPos * m2Region;
518 xPosFromNeg = xPosFromPos;
519 xNegFromNeg = xNegFromPos;
522 // Initialize two string endpoints.
523 posEnd.setUp( true, iPos, idPos, systemNow.iMax, px, py,
524 Gamma, xPosFromPos, xNegFromPos);
525 negEnd.setUp( false, iNeg, idNeg, systemNow.iMax, -px, -py,
526 Gamma, xPosFromNeg, xNegFromNeg);
528 // For closed gluon loop can allow popcorn on one side but not both.
530 flavSelPtr->assignPopQ(posEnd.flavOld);
531 flavSelPtr->assignPopQ(negEnd.flavOld);
532 if (Rndm::flat() < 0.5) posEnd.flavOld.nPop = 0;
533 else negEnd.flavOld.nPop = 0;
534 posEnd.flavOld.rank = 1;
535 negEnd.flavOld.rank = 1;
544 // Check remaining energy-momentum whether it is OK to continue.
546 bool StringFragmentation::energyUsedUp(bool fromPos) {
548 // If remaining negative energy then abort right away.
549 if (pRem.e() < 0.) return true;
551 // Calculate W2_minimum and done if remaining W2 is below it.
552 double wMin = stopMassNow
553 + ParticleDataTable::constituentMass(posEnd.flavOld.id)
554 + ParticleDataTable::constituentMass(negEnd.flavOld.id);
555 if (fromPos) wMin += stopNewFlav
556 * ParticleDataTable::constituentMass(posEnd.flavNew.id);
557 else wMin += stopNewFlav
558 * ParticleDataTable::constituentMass(negEnd.flavNew.id);
559 wMin *= 1. + (2. * Rndm::flat() - 1.) * stopSmear;
560 w2Rem = pRem.m2Calc();
561 if (w2Rem < pow2(wMin)) return true;
563 // Else still enough energy left to continue iteration.
570 // Produce the final two partons to complete the system.
572 bool StringFragmentation::finalTwo(bool fromPos) {
574 // Check whether we went too far in p+-.
575 if (pRem.e() < 0. || w2Rem < 0. || (hadrons.size() > 0
576 && hadrons.back().e() < 0.) ) return false;
577 if ( posEnd.iPosOld > negEnd.iPosOld || negEnd.iNegOld > posEnd.iNegOld)
579 if ( posEnd.iPosOld == negEnd.iPosOld && posEnd.xPosOld < negEnd.xPosOld)
581 if ( posEnd.iNegOld == negEnd.iNegOld && posEnd.xNegOld > negEnd.xNegOld)
584 // Construct the final hadron from the leftover flavours.
585 // Impossible to join two diquarks. Also break if stuck for other reason.
586 FlavContainer flav1 = (fromPos) ? posEnd.flavNew.anti() : posEnd.flavOld;
587 FlavContainer flav2 = (fromPos) ? negEnd.flavOld : negEnd.flavNew.anti();
588 if (abs(flav1.id) > 8 && abs(flav2.id) > 8) return false;
590 for (int iTry = 0; iTry < NTRYFLAV; ++iTry) {
591 idHad = flavSelPtr->combine( flav1, flav2);
592 if (idHad != 0) break;
594 if (idHad == 0) return false;
596 // Store the final particle and its new pT, and construct its mass.
598 negEnd.idHad = idHad;
599 negEnd.pxNew = -posEnd.pxNew;
600 negEnd.pyNew = -posEnd.pyNew;
601 negEnd.mHad = ParticleDataTable::mass(idHad);
603 posEnd.idHad = idHad;
604 posEnd.pxNew = -negEnd.pxNew;
605 posEnd.pyNew = -negEnd.pyNew;
606 posEnd.mHad = ParticleDataTable::mass(idHad);
609 // String region in which to do the joining.
610 StringRegion region = finalRegion();
611 if (region.isEmpty) return false;
613 // Project remaining momentum along longitudinal and transverse directions.
614 region.project( pRem);
615 double pxRem = region.px() - posEnd.pxOld - negEnd.pxOld;
616 double pyRem = region.py() - posEnd.pyOld - negEnd.pyOld;
617 double xPosRem = region.xPos();
618 double xNegRem = region.xNeg();
620 // Share extra pT kick evenly between final two hadrons.
621 posEnd.pxOld += 0.5 * pxRem;
622 posEnd.pyOld += 0.5 * pyRem;
623 negEnd.pxOld += 0.5 * pxRem;
624 negEnd.pyOld += 0.5 * pyRem;
626 // Construct new pT and mT of the final two particles.
627 posEnd.pxHad = posEnd.pxOld + posEnd.pxNew;
628 posEnd.pyHad = posEnd.pyOld + posEnd.pyNew;
629 posEnd.mT2Had = pow2(posEnd.mHad) + pow2(posEnd.pxHad)
630 + pow2(posEnd.pyHad);
631 negEnd.pxHad = negEnd.pxOld + negEnd.pxNew;
632 negEnd.pyHad = negEnd.pyOld + negEnd.pyNew;
633 negEnd.mT2Had = pow2(negEnd.mHad) + pow2(negEnd.pxHad)
634 + pow2(negEnd.pyHad);
636 // Construct remaining system transverse mass.
637 double wT2Rem = w2Rem + pow2( posEnd.pxHad + negEnd.pxHad)
638 + pow2( posEnd.pyHad + negEnd.pyHad);
640 // Check that kinematics possible.
641 if ( sqrt(wT2Rem) < sqrt(posEnd.mT2Had) + sqrt(negEnd.mT2Had) )
643 double lambda2 = pow2( wT2Rem - posEnd.mT2Had - negEnd.mT2Had)
644 - 4. * posEnd.mT2Had * negEnd.mT2Had;
645 if (lambda2 <= 0.) return false;
647 // Construct kinematics, as viewed in the transverse rest frame.
648 double lambda = sqrt(lambda2);
649 double probReverse = 1. / (1. + exp( min( EXPMAX, bLund * lambda) ) );
650 double xpzPos = 0.5 * lambda/ wT2Rem;
651 if (probReverse > Rndm::flat()) xpzPos = -xpzPos;
652 double xmDiff = (posEnd.mT2Had - negEnd.mT2Had) / wT2Rem;
653 double xePos = 0.5 * (1. + xmDiff);
654 double xeNeg = 0.5 * (1. - xmDiff );
656 // Translate this into kinematics in the string frame.
657 Vec4 pHadPos = region.pHad( (xePos + xpzPos) * xPosRem,
658 (xePos - xpzPos) * xNegRem, posEnd.pxHad, posEnd.pyHad);
659 Vec4 pHadNeg = region.pHad( (xeNeg - xpzPos) * xPosRem,
660 (xeNeg + xpzPos) * xNegRem, negEnd.pxHad, negEnd.pyHad);
662 // Add produced particles to the event record.
663 hadrons.append( posEnd.idHad, 83, posEnd.iEnd, negEnd.iEnd,
664 0, 0, 0, 0, pHadPos, posEnd.mHad);
665 hadrons.append( negEnd.idHad, 84, posEnd.iEnd, negEnd.iEnd,
666 0, 0, 0, 0, pHadNeg, negEnd.mHad);
675 // Construct a special joining region for the final two hadrons.
677 StringRegion StringFragmentation::finalRegion() {
679 // Simple case when both string ends are in the same region.
680 if (posEnd.iPosOld == negEnd.iPosOld && posEnd.iNegOld == negEnd.iNegOld)
681 return system.region( posEnd.iPosOld, posEnd.iNegOld);
683 // Start out with empty region. (Empty used for error returns.)
686 // Add up all remaining p+.
688 if ( posEnd.iPosOld == negEnd.iPosOld) {
689 double xPosJoin = posEnd.xPosOld - negEnd.xPosOld;
690 if (xPosJoin < 0.) return region;
691 pPosJoin = system.regionLowPos(posEnd.iPosOld).pHad( xPosJoin, 0., 0., 0.);
693 for (int iPosNow = posEnd.iPosOld; iPosNow <= negEnd.iPosOld; ++iPosNow) {
694 if (iPosNow == posEnd.iPosOld) pPosJoin
695 += system.regionLowPos(iPosNow).pHad( posEnd.xPosOld, 0., 0., 0.);
696 else if (iPosNow == negEnd.iPosOld) pPosJoin
697 += system.regionLowPos(iPosNow).pHad( 1. - negEnd.xPosOld, 0., 0., 0.);
698 else pPosJoin += system.regionLowPos(iPosNow).pHad( 1., 0., 0., 0.);
702 // Add up all remaining p-.
704 if ( negEnd.iNegOld == posEnd.iNegOld) {
705 double xNegJoin = negEnd.xNegOld - posEnd.xNegOld;
706 if (xNegJoin < 0.) return region;
707 pNegJoin = system.regionLowNeg(negEnd.iNegOld).pHad( 0., xNegJoin, 0., 0.);
709 for (int iNegNow = negEnd.iNegOld; iNegNow <= posEnd.iNegOld; ++iNegNow) {
710 if (iNegNow == negEnd.iNegOld) pNegJoin
711 += system.regionLowNeg(iNegNow).pHad( 0., negEnd.xNegOld, 0., 0.);
712 else if (iNegNow == posEnd.iNegOld) pNegJoin
713 += system.regionLowNeg(iNegNow).pHad( 0., 1. - posEnd.xNegOld, 0., 0.);
714 else pNegJoin += system.regionLowNeg(iNegNow).pHad( 0., 1., 0., 0.);
718 // For a closed gluon loop pPosJoin == pNegJoin and the above does not work.
719 // So reshuffle; "perfect" for g g systems, OK in general.
720 Vec4 pTest = pPosJoin - pNegJoin;
721 if ( abs(pTest.px()) + abs(pTest.py()) + abs(pTest.pz()) + abs(pTest.e())
722 < MATCHPOSNEG * (pPosJoin.e() + pNegJoin.e()) ) {
724 = system.regionLowPos(posEnd.iPosOld + 1).pHad( 1., 0., 0., 0.)
725 - system.regionLowNeg(negEnd.iNegOld + 1).pHad( 0., 1., 0., 0.);
730 // Construct a new region from remaining p+ and p-.
731 region.setUp( pPosJoin, pNegJoin);
732 if (region.isEmpty) return region;
734 // Project the existing pTold vectors onto the new directions.
735 Vec4 pTposOld = system.region( posEnd.iPosOld, posEnd.iNegOld).pHad(
736 0., 0., posEnd.pxOld, posEnd.pyOld);
737 region.project( pTposOld);
738 posEnd.pxOld = region.px();
739 posEnd.pyOld = region.py();
740 Vec4 pTnegOld = system.region( negEnd.iPosOld, negEnd.iNegOld).pHad(
741 0., 0., negEnd.pxOld, negEnd.pyOld);
742 region.project( pTnegOld);
743 negEnd.pxOld = region.px();
744 negEnd.pyOld = region.py();
753 // Store the hadrons in the normal event record, ordered from one end.
755 void StringFragmentation::store(Event& event) {
757 // Starting position.
758 int iFirst = event.size();
760 // Copy straight over from first two junction legs.
762 for (int i = 0; i < hadrons.size(); ++i)
763 if (hadrons[i].status() == 85 || hadrons[i].status() == 86)
764 event.append( hadrons[i] );
767 // Loop downwards, copying all from the positive end.
768 for (int i = 0; i < hadrons.size(); ++i)
769 if (hadrons[i].status() == 83) event.append( hadrons[i] );
771 // Loop upwards, copying all from the negative end.
772 for (int i = hadrons.size() - 1; i >= 0 ; --i)
773 if (hadrons[i].status() == 84) event.append( hadrons[i] );
774 int iLast = event.size() - 1;
776 // Set decay vertex when this is displaced.
777 if (event[posEnd.iEnd].hasVertex()) {
778 Vec4 vDec = event[posEnd.iEnd].vDec();
779 for (int i = iFirst; i <= iLast; ++i) event[i].vProd( vDec );
782 // Set lifetime of hadrons.
783 for (int i = iFirst; i <= iLast; ++i)
784 event[i].tau( event[i].tau0() * Rndm::exp() );
786 // Mark original partons as hadronized and set their daughter range.
787 for (int i = 0; i < int(iParton.size()); ++i)
788 if (iParton[i] >= 0) {
789 event[ iParton[i] ].statusNeg();
790 event[ iParton[i] ].daughters(iFirst, iLast);
797 // Fragment off two of the string legs in to a junction.
799 bool StringFragmentation::fragmentToJunction(Event& event) {
801 // Identify range of partons on the three legs.
802 // (Each leg begins with an iParton[i] = -(10 + 10*junctionNuber + leg),
803 // and partons then appear ordered from the junction outwards.)
804 int legBeg[3], legEnd[3];
806 for (int i = 0; i < int(iParton.size()); ++i) {
807 if (iParton[i] < 0) legBeg[++leg] = i + 1;
808 else legEnd[leg] = i;
811 // Iterate from system rest frame towards the junction rest frame (JRF).
812 RotBstMatrix MtoJRF, Mstep;
813 MtoJRF.bstback(pSum);
820 // Find weighted sum of momenta on the three sides of the junction.
821 for (leg = 0; leg < 3; ++ leg) {
824 for (int i = legBeg[leg]; i <= legEnd[leg]; ++i) {
825 Vec4 pTemp = event[ iParton[i] ].p();
826 pTemp.rotbst(MtoJRF);
827 pWTinJRF[leg] += pTemp * exp(-eWeight);
828 eWeight += pTemp.e() / eNormJunction;
829 if (eWeight > EJNWEIGHTMAX) break;
833 // Store original deviation from 120 degree topology.
834 if (iter == 1) errInCM = pow2(costheta(pWTinJRF[0], pWTinJRF[1]) + 0.5)
835 + pow2(costheta(pWTinJRF[0], pWTinJRF[2]) + 0.5)
836 + pow2(costheta(pWTinJRF[1], pWTinJRF[2]) + 0.5);
838 // Find new JRF from the set of weighted momenta.
839 Mstep = junctionRestFrame( pWTinJRF[0], pWTinJRF[1], pWTinJRF[2]);
840 // Fortran code will not take full step after the first few
841 // iterations. How implement this in terms of an M matrix??
842 MtoJRF.rotbst( Mstep );
843 } while (iter < 3 || (Mstep.deviation() > CONVJNREST && iter < NTRYJNREST) );
845 // If final deviation from 120 degrees is bigger than in CM then revert.
846 double errInJRF = pow2(costheta(pWTinJRF[0], pWTinJRF[1]) + 0.5)
847 + pow2(costheta(pWTinJRF[0], pWTinJRF[2]) + 0.5)
848 + pow2(costheta(pWTinJRF[1], pWTinJRF[2]) + 0.5);
849 if (errInJRF > errInCM) {
850 infoPtr->errorMsg("Warning in StringFragmentation::fragmentTo"
851 "Junction: bad convergence junction rest frame");
853 MtoJRF.bstback(pSum);
856 // Opposite operation: boost from JRF to original system.
857 RotBstMatrix MfromJRF = MtoJRF;
860 // Sum leg four-momenta in original frame and in JRF.
861 Vec4 pInLeg[3], pInJRF[3];
862 for (leg = 0; leg < 3; ++leg) {
864 for (int i = legBeg[leg]; i <= legEnd[leg]; ++i)
865 pInLeg[leg] += event[ iParton[i] ].p();
866 pInJRF[leg] = pInLeg[leg];
867 pInJRF[leg].rotbst(MtoJRF);
870 // Pick the two legs with lowest energy in JRF.
871 int legMin = (pInJRF[0].e() < pInJRF[1].e()) ? 0 : 1;
872 int legMax = 1 - legMin;
873 if (pInJRF[2].e() < min(pInJRF[0].e(), pInJRF[1].e()) ) legMin = 2;
874 else if (pInJRF[2].e() > max(pInJRF[0].e(), pInJRF[1].e()) ) legMax = 2;
875 int legMid = 3 - legMin - legMax;
877 // Save info on which status codes belong with the three legs.
878 int iJunction = (-iParton[0]) / 10 - 1;
879 event.statusJunction( iJunction, legMin, 85);
880 event.statusJunction( iJunction, legMid, 86);
881 event.statusJunction( iJunction, legMax, 83);
883 // Temporarily copy the partons on the low-energy legs, into the JRF,
884 // in reverse order, so (anti)quark leg end first.
885 vector<int> iPartonMin;
886 for (int i = legEnd[legMin]; i >= legBeg[legMin]; --i) {
887 int iNew = event.append( event[ iParton[i] ] );
888 event[iNew].rotbst(MtoJRF);
889 iPartonMin.push_back( iNew );
891 vector<int> iPartonMid;
892 for (int i = legEnd[legMid]; i >= legBeg[legMid]; --i) {
893 int iNew = event.append( event[ iParton[i] ] );
894 event[iNew].rotbst(MtoJRF);
895 iPartonMid.push_back( iNew );
898 // Find final weighted sum of momenta on each of the two legs.
900 pWTinJRF[legMin] = 0.;
901 for (int i = iPartonMin.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
902 pWTinJRF[legMin] += event[ iPartonMin[i] ].p() * exp(-eWeight);
903 eWeight += event[ iPartonMin[i] ].e() / eNormJunction;
904 if (eWeight > EJNWEIGHTMAX) break;
907 pWTinJRF[legMid] = 0.;
908 for (int i = iPartonMid.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
909 pWTinJRF[legMid] += event[ iPartonMid[i] ].p() * exp(-eWeight);
910 eWeight += event[ iPartonMid[i] ].e() / eNormJunction;
911 if (eWeight > EJNWEIGHTMAX) break;
914 // Define fictitious opposing partons in JRF and store as string ends.
915 Vec4 pOppose = pWTinJRF[legMin];
917 int idOppose = (Rndm::flat() > 0.5) ? 2 : 1;
918 if (event[ iPartonMin[0] ].col() > 0) idOppose = -idOppose;
919 int iOppose = event.append( idOppose, 77, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
921 iPartonMin.push_back( iOppose);
922 pOppose = pWTinJRF[legMid];
924 idOppose = (Rndm::flat() > 0.5) ? 2 : 1;
925 if (event[ iPartonMid[0] ].col() > 0) idOppose = -idOppose;
926 iOppose = event.append( idOppose, 77, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
928 iPartonMid.push_back( iOppose);
930 // Set up kinematics of string evolution in low-energy temporary systems.
931 systemMin.setUp(iPartonMin, event);
932 systemMid.setUp(iPartonMid, event);
934 // Outer fallback loop, when too little energy left for third leg.
938 for ( int iTryOuter = 0; ; ++iTryOuter) {
940 // Middle fallback loop, when much unused energy in leg remnants.
941 double eLeftMin = 0.;
942 double eLeftMid = 0.;
943 for ( int iTryMiddle = 0; ; ++iTryMiddle) {
945 // Loop over the two lowest-energy legs.
946 for (int legLoop = 0; legLoop < 2; ++ legLoop) {
947 int legNow = (legLoop == 0) ? legMin : legMid;
949 // Read in properties specific to this leg.
950 StringSystem& systemNow = (legLoop == 0) ? systemMin : systemMid;
951 int idPos = (legLoop == 0) ? event[ iPartonMin[0] ].id()
952 : event[ iPartonMid[0] ].id();
953 idOppose = (legLoop == 0) ? event[ iPartonMin.back() ].id()
954 : event[ iPartonMid.back() ].id();
955 double eInJRF = pInJRF[legNow].e();
956 int statusHad = (legLoop == 0) ? 85 : 86;
958 // Inner fallback loop, when a diquark comes in to junction.
960 for ( int iTryInner = 0; ; ++iTryInner) {
961 if (iTryInner > NTRYJNMATCH) {
962 infoPtr->errorMsg("Error in StringFragmentation::fragment"
963 "ToJunction: caught in junction flavour loop");
964 event.popBack( iPartonMin.size() + iPartonMid.size() );
968 // Set up two string ends, and begin fragmentation loop.
969 setStartEnds(idPos, idOppose, systemNow);
973 for ( ; ; ++nHadrons) {
975 // Construct trial hadron from positive end.
977 Vec4 pHad = posEnd.kinematicsHadron(systemNow);
979 // Negative energy signals failure in construction.
980 if (pHad.e() < 0. ) { noNegE = false; break; }
982 // Break if passed system midpoint ( = junction) in energy.
983 if (eUsed + pHad.e() > eInJRF) break;
985 // Else construct kinematics of the new hadron and store it.
986 hadrons.append( posEnd.idHad, statusHad, iPos, iNeg,
987 0, 0, 0, 0, pHad, posEnd.mHad);
989 // Update string end and remaining momentum.
994 // End of fragmentation loop. Inner loopback if ends on a diquark.
995 if ( noNegE && abs(posEnd.flavOld.id) < 10 ) break;
996 hadrons.popBack(nHadrons);
999 // End of one-leg fragmentation. Store end quark and remnant energy.
1000 if (legNow == legMin) {
1001 idMin = posEnd.flavOld.id;
1002 eLeftMin = eInJRF - eUsed;
1004 idMid = posEnd.flavOld.id;
1005 eLeftMid = eInJRF - eUsed;
1009 // End of both-leg fragmentation. Middle loopback if too much energy left.
1010 double eTrial = eBothLeftJunction + Rndm::flat() * eMaxLeftJunction;
1011 if (iTryMiddle > NTRYJNMATCH
1012 || ( min( eLeftMin, eLeftMid) < eBothLeftJunction
1013 && max( eLeftMin, eLeftMid) < eTrial ) ) break;
1017 // Boost hadrons away from the JRF to the original frame.
1018 for (int i = 0; i < hadrons.size(); ++i) {
1019 hadrons[i].rotbst(MfromJRF);
1020 pJunctionHadrons += hadrons[i].p();
1023 // Outer loopback if too little energy left in third leg.
1024 pDiquark = pInLeg[legMin] + pInLeg[legMid] - pJunctionHadrons;
1025 double m2Left = m2( pInLeg[legMax], pDiquark);
1026 if (iTryOuter > NTRYJNMATCH
1027 || m2Left > eMinLeftJunction * pInLeg[legMax].e() ) break;
1029 pJunctionHadrons = 0.;
1032 // Now found solution; no more loopback. Remove temporary parton copies.
1033 event.popBack( iPartonMin.size() + iPartonMid.size() );
1035 // Construct and store an effective diquark string end from the
1036 // two remnant quark ends, for temporary usage.
1037 int idDiquark = flavSelPtr->makeDiquark( idMin, idMid);
1038 double mDiquark = pDiquark.mCalc();
1039 int iDiquark = event.append( idDiquark, 78, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
1040 pDiquark, mDiquark);
1042 // Find the partons on the last leg, again in reverse order.
1043 vector<int> iPartonMax;
1044 for (int i = legEnd[legMax]; i >= legBeg[legMax]; --i)
1045 iPartonMax.push_back( iParton[i] );
1046 iPartonMax.push_back( iDiquark );
1048 // Modify parton list to remaining leg + remnant of the first two.
1049 iParton = iPartonMax;
1057 // Find the boost matrix to the rest frame of a junction,
1058 // given the three respective endpoint four-momenta.
1060 RotBstMatrix StringFragmentation::junctionRestFrame(Vec4& p0, Vec4& p1,
1063 // Calculate masses and other invariants.
1064 Vec4 pSumJun = p0 + p1 + p2;
1065 double sHat = pSumJun.m2Calc();
1067 pp[0][0] = p0.m2Calc();
1068 pp[1][1] = p1.m2Calc();
1069 pp[2][2] = p2.m2Calc();
1070 pp[0][1] = pp[1][0] = p0 * p1;
1071 pp[0][2] = pp[2][0] = p0 * p2;
1072 pp[1][2] = pp[2][1] = p1 * p2;
1074 // Requirement (eiMax)_j = pi*pj/mj < (eiMax)_k = pi*pk/mk, used below,
1075 // here rewritten as pi*pj * mk < pi*pk * mj and squared.
1076 double eMax01 = pow2(pp[0][1]) * pp[2][2];
1077 double eMax02 = pow2(pp[0][2]) * pp[1][1];
1078 double eMax12 = pow2(pp[1][2]) * pp[0][0];
1080 // Initially pick i to be the most massive parton. but allow other tries.
1081 int i = (pp[1][1] > pp[0][0]) ? 1 : 0;
1082 if (pp[2][2] > max(pp[0][0], pp[1][1])) i = 2;
1087 for (int iTry = 0; iTry < 3; ++iTry) {
1089 // Pick j to give minimal eiMax, and k the third vector.
1090 if (i == 0) j = (eMax02 < eMax01) ? 2 : 1;
1091 else if (i == 1) j = (eMax12 < eMax01) ? 2 : 0;
1092 else j = (eMax12 < eMax02) ? 1 : 0;
1095 // Alternative names according to i, j, k conventions.
1096 double m2i = pp[i][i];
1097 double m2j = pp[j][j];
1098 double m2k = pp[k][k];
1099 double pipj = pp[i][j];
1100 double pipk = pp[i][k];
1101 double pjpk = pp[j][k];
1103 // Trivial to find new parton energies if all three partons are massless.
1104 if (m2i < M2MAXJRF) {
1105 ei = sqrt( 2. * pipk * pipj / (3. * pjpk) );
1106 ej = sqrt( 2. * pjpk * pipj / (3. * pipk) );
1107 ek = sqrt( 2. * pipk * pjpk / (3. * pipj) );
1109 // Else find three-momentum range for parton i and values at extremes.
1111 // Minimum when i is at rest.
1113 double eiMin = sqrt(m2i);
1114 double ejMin = pipj / eiMin;
1115 double ekMin = pipk / eiMin;
1116 double pjMin = sqrtpos( ejMin*ejMin - m2j );
1117 double pkMin = sqrtpos( ekMin*ekMin - m2k );
1118 double fMin = ejMin * ekMin + 0.5 * pjMin * pkMin - pjpk;
1119 // Maximum estimated when j + k is at rest, alternatively j at rest.
1120 double eiMax = (pipj + pipk) / sqrt(m2j + m2k + 2. * pjpk);
1121 if (m2j > M2MAXJRF) eiMax = min( eiMax, pipj / sqrt(m2j) );
1122 double piMax = sqrtpos( eiMax*eiMax - m2i );
1123 double temp = eiMax*eiMax - 0.25 *piMax*piMax;
1124 double pjMax = (eiMax * sqrtpos( pipj*pipj - m2j * temp )
1125 - 0.5 * piMax * pipj) / temp;
1126 double pkMax = (eiMax * sqrtpos( pipk*pipk - m2k * temp )
1127 - 0.5 * piMax * pipk) / temp;
1128 double ejMax = sqrt(pjMax*pjMax + m2j);
1129 double ekMax = sqrt(pkMax*pkMax + m2k);
1130 double fMax = ejMax * ekMax + 0.5 * pjMax * pkMax - pjpk;
1132 // If unexpected values at upper endpoint then pick another parton.
1134 int iPrel = (i + 1)%3;
1135 if (pp[iPrel][iPrel] > M2MAXJRF) {i = iPrel; continue;}
1138 if (iTry < 3 && pp[iPrel][iPrel] > M2MAXJRF) {i = iPrel; continue;}
1141 // Start binary + linear search to find solution inside range.
1144 double pi = 0.5 * (piMin + piMax);
1145 for (int iter = 0; iter < NTRYJRFEQ; ++iter) {
1147 // Derive momentum of other two partons and distance to root.
1148 ei = sqrt(pi*pi + m2i);
1149 temp = ei*ei - 0.25 * pi*pi;
1150 double pj = (ei * sqrtpos( pipj*pipj - m2j * temp )
1151 - 0.5 * pi * pipj) / temp;
1152 double pk = (ei * sqrtpos( pipk*pipk - m2k * temp )
1153 - 0.5 * pi * pipk) / temp;
1154 ej = sqrt(pj*pj + m2j);
1155 ek = sqrt(pk*pk + m2k);
1156 double fNow = ej * ek + 0.5 * pj * pk - pjpk;
1158 // Replace lower or upper bound by new value.
1159 if (fNow > 0.) { ++iterMin; piMin = pi; fMin = fNow;}
1160 else {++iterMax; piMax = pi; fMax = fNow;}
1162 // Pick next i momentum to explore, hopefully closer to root.
1163 if (2 * iter < NTRYJRFEQ
1164 && (iterMin < 2 || iterMax < 2 || 4 * iter < NTRYJRFEQ))
1165 { pi = 0.5 * (piMin + piMax); continue;}
1166 if (fMin < 0. || fMax > 0. || abs(fNow) < CONVJRFEQ * sHat) break;
1167 pi = piMin + (piMax - piMin) * fMin / (fMin - fMax);
1170 // If arrived here then either succeeded or exhausted possibilities.
1174 // Now we know the energies in the junction rest frame.
1175 double eNew[3]; eNew[i] = ei; eNew[j] = ej; eNew[k] = ek;
1177 // Boost (copy of) partons to their rest frame.
1182 Mmove.bstback(pSumJun);
1187 // Construct difference vectors and the boost to junction rest frame.
1188 Vec4 pDir01 = p0cm / p0cm.e() - p1cm / p1cm.e();
1189 Vec4 pDir02 = p0cm / p0cm.e() - p2cm / p2cm.e();
1190 double pDiff01 = pDir01.pAbs2();
1191 double pDiff02 = pDir02.pAbs2();
1192 double pDiff0102 = dot3(pDir01, pDir02);
1193 double eDiff01 = eNew[0] / p0cm.e() - eNew[1] / p1cm.e();
1194 double eDiff02 = eNew[0] / p0cm.e() - eNew[2] / p2cm.e();
1195 double denom = pDiff01 * pDiff02 - pDiff0102*pDiff0102;
1196 double coef01 = (eDiff01 * pDiff02 - eDiff02 * pDiff0102) / denom;
1197 double coef02 = (eDiff02 * pDiff01 - eDiff01 * pDiff0102) / denom;
1198 Vec4 vJunction = coef01 * pDir01 + coef02 * pDir02;
1199 vJunction.e( sqrt(1. + vJunction.pAbs2()) );
1201 // Add two boosts, giving final result.
1202 Mmove.bst(vJunction);
1207 //**************************************************************************
1209 } // end namespace Pythia8