1 <chapter name="Update History">
3 <h2>Update History</h2>
5 These update notes describe major updates relative to the baseline
6 PYTHIA 8.100 version. However, they are less extensive than the
7 corresponding update notes for PYTHIA 6. On the other hand,
8 whereas the PYTHIA 6 manual is a static document, the PYTHIA 8
9 html/php pages are kept up to date for each subversion.
12 <b>Important note:</b>version 8.160 does introduce some elements of
13 backwards incompatibility. Specifically, "multiple interactions",
14 abbreviated MI, haa been renamed "multiparton interactions", MPI.
15 This affects many parts of the code and documentation. Also some
16 features are deprecated, although remaining until the end of the
20 <h3>Main news by version</h3>
24 <li>8.105: 24 February 2008
27 <li>New option to initialize with arbitrary beam directions<br/>
28 <code>pythia.init( idA, idB, pxA, pyA, pzA, pxB, pyB, pzB)</code></li>
30 <li>Added capability to set <aloc href="BeamParameters">beam energy spread
31 and beam vertex</aloc>.
33 <b>Warning:</b> as a consequence, the old <code>Beams</code> group of
34 settings has been moved to <code>BeamRemnants</code>, and
35 <code>Beams</code> is now instead used for machine beam parameters.
36 Therefore also some <code>Main</code> settings of this character have been
37 regrouped, as follows:
38 <table cellspacing="5">
39 <tr> <td>8.100 setting </td> <td>has been moved to </td> </tr>
40 <tr> <td><code>Main:idA </code></td>
41 <td><code>Beams:idA </code></td> </tr>
42 <tr> <td><code>Main:idB </code></td>
43 <td><code>Beams:idB </code></td> </tr>
44 <tr> <td><code>Main:inCMframe </code></td>
45 <td>(<code>Beams:frameType</code>) </td> </tr>
46 <tr> <td><code>Main:eCM </code></td>
47 <td><code>Beams:eCM </code></td> </tr>
48 <tr> <td><code>Main:eA </code></td>
49 <td><code>Beams:eA </code></td> </tr>
50 <tr> <td><code>Main:eB </code></td>
51 <td><code>Beams:eB </code></td> </tr>
52 <tr> <td><code>Main:LHEF </code></td>
53 <td><code>Beams:LHEF </code></td> </tr>
56 <li>The <code>forceHadronLevel()</code> method introduced for standalone
59 <li><code>main15.cc</code> illustrated how either full hadronization or
60 only decays of some particles can be looped over for the rest of the
63 <li>The <code>LHAevnt</code> and <code>LHAinit</code> classes have been
64 joined into a new <code>LHAup</code> one, with new options that allow
65 the writing of a Les Houches Event File.</li>
67 <li>The <code>SusyLesHouches</code> class updated to handle
70 <li>Updated HepMC conversion routine.</li>
72 <li>The static <code>ErrorMsg</code> class has been removed and
73 its functionality moved into the non-static <code>Info</code> class,
74 in the renamed Info file.</li>
76 <li>Further reduction of the use of static, with related code changes.
77 This should allow to have several almost independent <code>Pythia</code>
78 instances. Some static classes still remain, however, notably for
79 random number generation and particle properties.</li>
81 <li>Limited capability to use two different <code>Pythia</code> instances
82 for signal + pileup event generation, see <code>main19.cc</code> for an
85 <li>In the <code>Event</code> class the <code>=</code> and
86 <code>=+</code> methods have been overloaded to allow the copying
87 or appending of event records. Illustrated in <code>main19.cc</code>.</li>
89 <li>The html and php page formatting improved with
90 cascading style sheets.</li>
92 <li>Several minor improvements and new options, including updated configure
101 <li>Correction in the event record, so that the beam particles in line
102 1 and 2 do not have any mother according to the <code>motherList</code>
103 method. Previously the "system" entry in line 0 was counted as their
104 mother, which gave rise to an unexpected extra vertex in the conversion
105 to the HepMC format.</li>
107 <li>Support for HepMC version 1 is removed, to simplify the code and
108 reflect the evolution of the field.</li>
110 <li>Status codes are stored in HepMC only as 1 for existing and 2 for
111 decayed or fragmented particles (whereas previously the original PYTHIA
112 codes were used for the latter).</li>
114 <li>Parton densities are stored in HepMC as <ei>xf(x,Q^2)</ei>
115 rather than the <ei>f(x,Q^2)</ei> used in (some) previous versions.</li>
117 <li>The SusyLesHouches class has ben updated so that reading is fully
118 compatible with the SLHA2 standard. </li>
120 <li>Improved handling of the Higgs width, relevant for massive and thereby
121 broad resonance shapes.</li>
123 <li>The matrix elements for neutralino pair production have now been
124 completed and checked.</li>
126 <li>Ensure that <ei>alpha_strong</ei> does not blow up, by introducing
127 a minimal scale somewhat above <ei>Lambda_3</ei> (roughly where
128 <ei>alpha_strong = 10</ei>).</li>
130 <li>New methods <code>isValence1()</code> and <code>isValence2()</code>
131 in the <code>Info</code> class.</li>
133 <li>Protection against division by zero in calculation of decay vertex
134 (for zero-mass gluons with zero lifetime, where there should be no
137 <li>A new compilation option <code>-Wshadow</code> is introduced and
138 code is rewritten at all places where this option gave warnings.</li>
140 <li>Minor library correction to allow compilation with gcc 4.3.0.</li>
145 <li>8.114: 22 October 2008
148 <li>New rescattering description operational (but still experimental)
149 for the case that FSR is not interleaved, but saved until after MPI,
150 ISR and beam remnants have been handled. This involves much new code
151 in several classes.</li>
153 <li>A new class <code>PartonSystems</code> is introduced to
154 keep track of which partons in the event record belong to which
155 subcollision system, plus some further information on each subsystem.
156 It takes over functionality previously found as part of the
157 <code>Event</code> class, but leaves room for future growth.</li>
159 <li>Add optional model, wherein an increased <ei>pT0</ei> turnoff scale
160 for MPI and ISR is used for above-average active events, i.e. events that
161 already have several MPI's or ISR emissions.</li>
163 <li>Freeze GRV 94L distribution at small <ei>Q^2</ei> to avoid blowup.</li>
165 <li>The <code>pythia.readFile(...)</code> method can now alternatively take
166 an <code>istream</code> as argument instead of a <code>filename</code>.</li>
168 <li>Minor bug correction in <code>PartonLevel.cc</code>; the bug could
169 (rarely) give a segmentation fault.</li>
174 <li>8.120: 10 March 2009
177 <li>New rescattering description further developed, but not yet
178 recommended for normal usage.</li>
180 <li>Include new processes for Large Extra Dimensions and Unparticles,
181 contributed by Stefan Ask. New test program <code>main28.cc</code>
184 <li>Include further SUSY processes: neutralino-chargino and
185 chargino-chargino pairs. The processes should be valid also
186 in the case of non-minimal flavour violation and/or CP violation.
187 Expanded machinery to keep track of SUSY parameters.</li>
189 <li>Include backwards evolution of incoming photon as part of the
190 <code>SpaceShower</code> initial-state radiation description. This
191 allows you to simulate hard collisions where one of the incoming
192 partons is a photon. New test program <code>main43.cc</code>
195 <li>Allow separate mass and transverse momentum cuts when two hard
196 subprocesses are generated in the same event.</li>
198 <li>The default value for the border between short- and long-lived
199 paticles has been changed from 1 mm to 10 mm, to better conform with
200 LHC standards, see <aloc href="ParticleDecays">here</aloc>.
201 The default is still to let all unstable particles decay.</li>
203 <li>New ISR matrix-element correction to <ei>f -> f gamma</ei>
204 in single <ei>W</ei> production.</li>
206 <li>New method <code>Event::statusHepMC</code> returns the status
207 code according to the HepMC conventions agreed in February 2009.
208 The interface to HepMC now writes out status according to this
211 <li>Add capability to link to FastJet, with expanded configure script
212 and Makefile, and with <code>main61.cc</code> as new example.</li>
214 <li>Update of <code>Makefile.msc</code>, with added support for latest
215 Visual C++ Express edition and use of regexp to check nmake version.</li>
217 <li>Update of <code>LHAFortran.h</code> and
218 <code>Pythia6Interface.h</code>, to make the interface to Fortran
219 routines work also under Windows. (Thanks to Anton Karneyeu.)
221 <li>Updated and expanded worksheet.</li>
223 <li>The manual pages in the <code>xmldoc</code> directory, and thereby
224 also those of the <code>htmldoc</code> and <code>phpdoc</code>
225 directories, have been significantly updated and expanded. In particular,
226 in many places the class of each method is explicitly shown, as well as
227 the type of the return value and of the arguments. This upgrade is not
228 yet completed, but already covers the more relevant sections. </li>
230 <li>The unary minus operator in the <code>Vec4()</code> returns a
231 reference to a four-vector with all components negated, but leaves
232 the original four-vector unchanged. Previously the four-vector itself
235 <li>The <code>pPlus()</code> and <code>pMinus()</code> methods of a
236 four-vector and an event-record particle are renamed <code>pPos()</code>
237 and <code>pNeg()</code>, respectively.</li>
239 <li>Include a further loop in <code>ProcessLevel</code>, so that a new
240 process is generated in case of failures of a less severe nature.</li>
242 <li>Introduce warning message for unexpected <code>meMode</code> in
243 <code>ResonanceWidths</code>.</li>
245 <li>Les Houches event reading framework has been rearranged for
246 more flexibility. Some bugs corrected. Specifically, when scale
247 is not set (<code>scale = -1.</code> in the Les Houches standard),
248 PYTHIA did not attempt to set this scale itself, which typically
249 lead to there not being any ISR or FSR. Now the
250 <aloc href="CouplingsAndScales">rules for normal
251 1-, 2- and 3-body final states</aloc> are applied, with a trivial
252 extension of the 3-body rules for higher multiplicities.</li>
254 <li>Correct bug in the handling of parton densities, whereby it was
255 not possible to switch to a new set, once a first initialization
258 <li>Correct bugs when several <code>Pythia::init</code> initialization
259 calls are made in the same run, specifically in the case that pointers
260 to external processes have been handed in.
262 <li>Changes in <code>main03.cmnd</code> and <code>main04.cmnd</code>
263 so that some nonstandard options are commented ou rather than active.
264 Related comments inserted also in some other <code>.cmnd</code> files,
265 but there without any change in program execution.</li>
267 <li>A few further minor bug fixes.</li>
269 <li>Update year to 2009.</li>
274 <li>8.125: 16 June 2009
277 <li>Hadronization and timlike-shower parameter default values updated
278 according to a tune to LEP1 data by Hendrik Hoeth, using the
279 Rivet + Professor framework.</li>
281 <li>Many further SUSY production processes. SLHA readin expanded to cover
282 also masses and decay modes. Example <code>main22.cc</code> updated, while
283 <code>main33.cc</code> now superfluous and removed. </li>
285 <li>Also further processes for extra dimensions.</li>
287 <li>Stefan Ask joins as coauthor.</li>
289 <li>The <code>TimeShower::shower(...)</code> method has gained
290 a new argument, that forces the shower evolution to stop after
291 a given number of branchings. A new method
292 <code>TimeShower::pTLastInShower()</code> permits the last evolution
293 <ei>pT</ei> to be read out. These extensions can be useful
294 for matching studies.
297 <li>New optional argument <code>isInterleaved</code> added to
298 <code>TimeShower::branch(...)</code>. Is false by default, but
299 true when called from the parton level for interleaved evolution
300 of several parton systems, optionally also with ISR and MPI.</li>
302 <li>New methods <code>UserHooks::canSetResonanceScale()</code>
303 and <code>UserHooks:scaleResonance(...)</code> allows an optional
304 user choice of the maximum shower scale in resonance decays.</li>
306 <li>A new method <code>SpaceShower::doRestart()</code> has been
307 added, to help distinguish cases when a
308 <code>SpaceShower::branch(...)</code> failure forces a complete
309 restart of the evolution from ones where only the intended
310 current branching has been vetoed.
312 <li>When multiparton interactions are initialized, it is now
313 possible to reduce both <ei>pT0</ei> and <ei>pTmin</ei>
314 if necessary to find a valid solution where
315 <ei>sigma_jet > sigma_nondiffractive</ei>. Previously
316 only the former would be reduced, which could lead to
317 infinite loops if too large a <ei>pTmin</ei> was used.
318 Thanks to Sami Kama for pointing out the problem.
321 <li>The rescattering machinery is now essentially completed, and can
322 be used also by others than the authors. For now, however, it can only
323 be recommended for dedicated studies, not e.g. for generic tunes.
326 <li>Timelike and spacelike showers, and beam remnant handling,
327 are modified to handle rescattering partons. Specifically, a new machinery
328 is introduced to trace the recoils from the combination of rescattering
329 with showers and primordial <ei>kT</ei>. Can assign space- or timelike
330 virtualities to intermediate particles to have energy and momentum
331 conserved locally. This affects the <code>PartonLevel</code>,
332 <code>MultipartonInteractions</code>, <code>TimeShower</code>,
333 <code>SpaceShowe</code>r and <code>BeamRemnants</code> classes.
334 Further details to appear in the upcoming article on rescattering.
335 (Another change is a reversal to pre-8.114 order for non-interleaved FSR,
336 wherein also FSR is treated before beam remnants are attached.)
339 <li>Four new status codes introduced, as part of the rescattering
341 <br/>45 : incoming rescattered parton, with changed kinematics owing
342 to ISR in the mother system (cf. status 34);
343 <br/>46 : incoming copy of recoiler when this is a rescattered parton
345 <br/>54 : copy of a recoiler, when in the initial state of a different
346 system from the radiator;
347 <br/>55 : copy of a recoiler, when in the final state of a different
348 system from the radiator.
351 <li>New method <code>Info::tooLowPTmin()</code> can tell whether the
352 <ei>pTmin</ei> scales for showers or multiparton interactions are too low.
355 <li>Pion beams allowed, both <ei>pi^+</ei>, <ei>pi^-</ei> and
356 <ei>pi^0</ei>. New machinery for the latter, where the valence
357 flavour content is chosen to be either <ei>d dbar</ei> or
358 <ei>u ubar</ei> for each new event. One internal pion PDF
359 implemented, with others from LHAPDF.</li>
361 <li>Treatment of Pomeron-proton collisions begun.</li>
363 <li>Phase-space handling of hard processes and multiparton interactions
364 slightly expanded to better allow for harder PDF's than proton ones,
365 e.g. for Pomerons.</li>
367 <li>The program documentation has been expanded with an
368 alphabetical index of all methods that are described on the
369 webpages, see the <aloc href="ProgramMethods">Program Methods</aloc>
370 page. Also other sections of the documentation have been
371 updated and expanded, including the worksheet.</li>
373 <li>Several <code>list</code> methods have been made
374 <code>const</code>. For the listing of events two new methods
375 have been added, <code>Event::list()</code> and
376 <code>Event::list(bool showScaleAndVertex,
377 bool showMothersAndDaughters = false)</code>,
378 that correspond to special cases of the general method.</li>
380 <li>A new method <code>Pythia::LHAeventSkip(int nSkip)</code>
381 permits a skip-ahead of the reading of external Les Houches
382 Events, without the necessity to generate the intervening
383 <code>nSkip</code> events in full. Makes use of the new
384 <code>LHAup::skipEvent(int nSkip)</code> method to perform
385 the operations. Mainly intended for debug purposes.
387 <li>The <code>ClusterJet</code> jet finder now saves the last
388 five clustering scales. Also a minor bug fix. Thanks to Nils
389 Lavesson for this contribution.</li>
391 <li>The <code>Particle::m2()</code> method now returns a negative
392 number when the stored mass <ei>m</ei> is negative, as used to
393 indicate spacelike virtualities. Also the
394 <code>Particle::eCalc()</code>, <code>Particle::mT()</code> and
395 <code>Particle::mT2()</code> methods have been modified.
398 <li>The <code><<</code> method to print our a four-vector has
399 been expanded with a fifth number, the invariant length, with a minus
400 sign for spacelike vectors, and provided within brackets to allow
401 a simple visual distinction.</li>
403 <li>New methods <code>Rndm::dumpState(string fileName)</code> and
404 <code>Rndm::readState(string fileName)</code> allows to write or
405 read the state of the random number generator to or from a binary file.
408 <li>New method <code>double GammaReal(double x)</code> returns the
409 value of the <ei>Gamma</ei> function for arbitrary real argument.
410 Some cross sections for extra-dimensional processes rewritten to
414 <li>New example program <code>main29.cc</code> shows how
415 to set up a fictitious process of a heavy system decaying
416 to two particles or partons, with decays traced to stable
417 particles, as relevant for astroparticle applications.</li>
419 <li>Main programs that illustrate the HepMC interface have
420 been updated to use version 2.04, including units and excluding
421 deprecated output formats.</li>
423 <li>The <code>main32.cc</code> example extended also to handle
424 Les Houches Event Files.</li>
426 <li>The Makefile has been modified so that "make clean" only
427 removes the current compilation and library fles, while
428 "make distclean" gives a more extensive reset and cleanup.
429 Thanks to Nils Lavesson for this contribution. Some other
430 minor Makefile corrections.</li>
432 <li>Several main programs that use the
433 <code>Main:timesToShow</code> mode have been corrected so as
434 not to crash if this is set to zero. Also some other cosmetics
435 changes in main programs that do not affect the running.</li>
437 <li>Bug correction, in that previously a veto with user hooks
438 was not propagated from parton showers inside resonance decays.
441 <li>Minor bug fix in <code>TimeShower</code> for kinematics with
442 unequal beam-particle masses.</li>
444 <li>Bug fix so that <code>PartonLevel:MPI = off</code> also works for
445 minimum-bias events.</li>
447 <li>Minor bug fix in the impact-parameter selection of multiparton
448 interactions. Thanks to Sami Kama for pointing it out.</li>
450 <li>String fragmentation for junction topology protected against
451 numerical instability in boost.</li>
453 <li>Bug correction in the handling of particle decays to partons,
454 where the scale of the partons was set before the partons had been
455 added to some arrays, leading to indexation out of bounds.
456 Thanks to Vladislav Burylov for discovering this bug.
459 <li>Bug correction in the handling of particles with inhibited decay,
460 where the decay vertex would be too far displaced, which could lead to
461 infinite loop. Thanks to Sami Kama for debugging this. </li>
463 <li>Check to avoid infinite loop in matrix-element handling of
464 two-body decays.</li>
466 <li>Bug correction to avoid infinite loops in Dalitz decay treatment.
467 Some changes in the decay handling logic to allow a new try when the
468 decay of a particle fails.</li>
470 <li>Minor correction, so the pointer to the <code>Info</code> class
471 is set also for user-written classes derived from <code>LHAup</code>.
474 <li>Correction for typo in the matrix element of the
475 <code>Sigma3ff2HchgchgfftWW</code> class, for doubly charged Higgs
476 production. Thanks to Merlin Kole for spotting it.</li>
478 <li>Updated colour bookkeeping in junction-antijunction annihilation
479 avoids later problems in <code>Pythia::check()</code>. </li>
481 <li>Minor updates of the <code>Makefile.msc</code> file to work with
482 Visual Studio 2008. Thanks to David Bailey for these modifications.</li>
484 <li>Ensure that <code>nInit</code> in the <code>BeamParticle</code>
485 class is set also for unresolved lepton beams.</li>
487 <li>The <code>VetoEvolution</code> class, derived from
488 <code>UserHooks</code>, is obsolete and has been removed.</li>
493 <li>8.130: 15 September 2009
496 <li>New machinery that allows multiparton interactions inside diffractive
497 systems. Also new optional Pomeron flux factors and Pomeron PDFs.
498 New page on <aloc href="Diffraction">diffraction</aloc> added, where
499 further details are collected. Still not tuned, so to be used with
502 <li>Make Peter Skands' "Tune 1" parameters for ISR and MPI default.
503 The older simpler tune is still available as an option, see
504 <code><aloc href="Tunes">Tune:pp</aloc></code>.
507 <li>New possible choices for a second hard process: charmonium,
508 bottomonium, top pair and single top.</li>
510 <li>New code for pair production of generic colour-triplet scalar,
511 fermion or vector. Largely written by Johan Bijnens, partly recycling
514 <li>Add user hooks possibility to veto event after a given number
515 of multiparton interactions.</li>
517 <li>Add instructions how PYTHIA 8 can be used from inside ROOT.
518 Thanks to Andreas Morsch for providing the text and Rene Brun
519 for a simple example.</li>
521 <li>The <code>main21.cc</code> example extended with an option
522 for a single-particle gun.</li>
524 <li>Improvements and bug fixes in rescattering framework.</li>
526 <li>New method <code>Hist::table(string fileName)</code> provides a
527 more direct way to print a two-column table of histogram contents
528 into a file than the current <code>Hist::table(ostream& os = cout)</code>.
531 <li>Modify reading of external files so that a line only consisting of
532 control characters counts as empty, the same way as a line only consisting
533 of blanks already did. This includes carriage return, tabs and a few more,
534 the ones represented by <code>\n \t \v \b \r \f \a</code>. Applies to
535 Les Houches Event files, settings files and particle data files. </li>
537 <li>Fix it so that the read-in of a Les Houches Event File for the
538 hardest process can be combined with the faciliy to select a specified
539 second hard process.</li>
541 <li>New empty base class method <code>LHAup::fileFound()</code>
542 allows the derived class <code>LHAupLHEF</code> to signal more
543 clearly that a failed initialization is caused by a failure to open
544 the desired file. </li>
546 <li>Check that a pointer to an <code>LHAup</code> object has been set
547 in <code>Pythia::LHAeventList()</code> and
548 <code>Pythia::LHAeventSkip(...)</code> calls.</li>
550 <li>Updated configure and Makefile, e.g. to build shared libraries
553 <li>The options with a direct link to hard-process generation
554 in PYTHIA 6 has been removed. It is hardly ever used but
555 complicates the build structure. (Owing to its usefulness for some
556 debug work, it was reinstated in a limited form in version 8.135.
557 Thus <code>main51.cc</code> now contains the complete interface,
558 previously in separate files, and commented-out lines in
559 <code>examples/Makefile</code> suggest how PYTHIA 6 could be linked.)
562 <li>New argument to <code>Info::errorMsg(...)</code> allows to
563 show all error messages of a specific kind rather than only the
564 first one, e.g. for initialization.</li>
566 <li>Correction in decay table of righthanded Majorana neutrinos.
567 Thanks to Arnaud Ferrari and Vladimir Savinov.</li>
569 <li>Correction in expressions in the manual for <ei>H^+-</ei> couplings
570 to an <ei>h^0</ei>, <ei>H^0</ei> or <ei>A^0</ei> and a <ei>W^+-</ei>.
571 Thanks to Rikard Enberg.</li>
573 <li>Fix for accessing uninitialized memory, caused by accessing the
574 daughters of the incoming beams before these daughters actually existed.
575 Thanks to David Bailey and Sami Kama.
578 <li>Uninitialized photon PDF inside the proton could give crazy results
579 for processes with incoming photons. Thanks to Adam Davison.</li>
581 <li>Bug fix such that finite lifetimes can be set also for particles
582 produced in the hard process. To exemplify, the bug affected
583 <ei>tau</ei> leptons produced in <ei>Z^0</ei> and <ei>W^+-</ei>
584 decays. Thanks to Troels Petersen.</li>
586 <li>Bug fix in <code>TimeShower</code>, that <code>beamOffset</code>
587 could remain uninitialized. Thanks to Sami Kama.</li>
589 <li>Minor correction to resonance decays: fail if the allowed mass
590 range of a Breit-Wigner resonance is a small fraction of the total
591 area under the resonance curve.</li>
593 <li>Correction when all three valence quarks were kicked out from a
594 proton and could give false messages that beam momentum had been
597 <li>Clarify status codes needed for hadron-level standalone runs in
598 order to avoid error messages, and modify the <code>main21.cc</code>
599 example accordingly. </li>
601 <li>Minor corrections in the processes for extra dimensions.</li>
603 <li>Some other minor additions to existing facilities
604 and minor bug fixes.</li>
609 <li>8.135: 10 January 2010
612 <li>All usage of static member methods inside Pythia8 has now been
613 eliminated. This simplifies for you to have several simultaneous
614 <code>Pythia</code> instances that are run with different conditions.
615 The three main classes affected by this are the <code>Settings</code>
616 and <code>ParticleData</code> databases and the <code>Rndm</code>
617 random-number generator. You can no longer address the methods of these
618 classes directly, but have to address them via the <code>settings</code>,
619 <code>particleData</code> and <code>rndm</code> instances in the
620 respective <code>Pythia</code> object. Also some other smaller pieces
621 of code are affected, e.g. Standard Model and SUSY couplings
622 (the latter in new files).
623 <note>Note 1</note>: The documentation has been updated accordingly
624 on these webpages, but the "A Brief Introduction to PYTHIA 8.1"
625 still refers to the old behaviour of version 8.100.
626 <note>Note 2</note>: the interface to the external LHAPDF library remains
627 static, since LHAPDF is written in Fortran and thus by definition
629 <note>Note 3:</note> if you want to have momentum smearing in
630 <code>CellJet</code> you now need to send in a pointer to a
631 random-number generator.
634 <li>Ten new proton PDF sets are made available internally:
635 MRST LO* (2007), MRST LO** (2008), MSTW 2008 LO (central member),
636 MSTW 2008 NLO (central member), CTEQ6L, CTEQ6L1, CTEQ6.6 (NLO,
637 central member), CT09MC1, CT09MC2, and CT09MCS, see
638 <aloc href="PDFSelection">PDF Selection</aloc>. The Pomeron PDF data
639 files have been renamed for consistency. Thanks to Tomas Kasemets
640 for help with this <ref>Kas10</ref>.
643 <li>New parameters <code>TimeShower:pTmaxFudgeMPI</code> and
644 <code>SpaceShower:pTmaxFudgeMPI</code> introduced, to give the same
645 functionality for multiparton interactions that
646 <code>TimeShower:pTmaxFudge</code> and <code>SpaceShower:pTmaxFudge</code>
647 do for the hardest.</li>
649 <li>A few extensions of the <code>UserHooks</code> framework.
650 New methods <code>UserHooks:canVetoISREmission()</code> and
651 <code>UserHooks::doVetoISREmission(...)</code> allows the latest
652 initial-state emission to be studied before being finalized,
653 with the possibility to veto it.
654 Similarly <code>Userhooks:canVetoFSREmission()</code> and
655 <code>UserHooks::doVetoFSREmission(...)</code> can be used to
656 veto the latest final-state emission.</li>
658 <li>A number of loop counters have been introduced in the
659 <code>Info</code> class, that offers some further information on
660 the progress of the event generation, for use e.g. in conjunction
661 with the <code>UserHooks</code> facility.</li>
663 <li>The <code>Pythia::initTunes(...)</code> method is made public, so that
664 it can be called before the normal call from <code>Pythia::init(...)</code>.
665 That way it is possible to start out from a given tune and change a few
669 <li>Bug corrected in <code>LHAFortran.h</code> for hard-process input
670 from Fortran commonblock. This did not work properly when the input
671 was used in combination with a second hard process generated internally.
672 Thanks to Mikhail Kirsanov and Roberto Chierici.
674 <li>Insertion of missing initialization of <code>isInit</code> in the
675 <code>Settings</code> and <code>ParticleData</code> constructors, and
676 <code>nInit</code> for <code>BeamParticle</code>.
677 Thanks to Leif Lönnblad.</li>
679 <li>Updated <code>Makefile.msc</code> for Windows users.</li>
681 <li>Fix of some non-optimal use of booleans, that give warnings on
682 a Windows compiler. Thanks to Anton Karneyeu.</li>
684 <li>New options for the <aloc href="SUSYLesHouchesAccord">
685 SUSY Les Houches Accord</aloc> such that, by default,
686 particle and decay data are not overwritten for known Standard Model
687 particles (including <ei>Z^0</ei>, <ei>W^+-</ei> and <ei>t</ei>,
688 but excluding the Higgs).</li>
690 <li>Bug fix in <code>SusyLesHouches</code>, where the reading of SLHA
691 information embedded in an LHEF would not stop at the end of the header
694 <li>Bug correction for undefined secondary widths where decay products
695 together are heavier than the mother. Also unit default secondary width
696 values in the <code>DecayChannel</code> constructor.</li>
698 <li>Documentation updated, including change of current year to 2010.</li>
703 <li>8.140: 16 July 2010
706 <li>Four new draft <aloc href="Tunes">tunes</aloc> available.</li>
708 <li>Introduction of a new scenario for production of Hidden-Valley
709 particles, and interleaved showering in the QCD and HV sectors, see
710 the new <aloc href="HiddenValleyProcesses">Hidden Valleys</aloc>
711 description. A longer physics writeup is available <ref>Car10</ref>.
714 <li>Implementation of <ei>2 -> 3</ei> phase space selection intended
715 for QCD processes with massless partons. A new set of matching
716 <aloc href="PhaseSpaceCuts">phase space cut parameters</aloc>.
717 The <aloc href="QCDProcesses">ten different QCD <ei>2 -> 3</ei>
718 processes</aloc> have been implemented making use of this new
719 possibility, so far without a complete handling of possible colour
722 <li>New processes have been added for
723 <aloc href="CompositenessProcesses">contact interactions</aloc> in
724 <ei>q q -> q q</ei> and <ei>q qbar -> q qbar</ei> scattering.</li>
726 <li>A process has been added for TeV^-1 Sized
727 <aloc href="ExtraDimensionalProcesses">Extra Dimensions</aloc>, which
728 involves the electroweak KK gauge bosons, i.e. <ei>gamma_{KK}/Z_{KK}</ei>,
729 in one TeV^-1 sized extra dimension; see <code>main30.cc</code> for
730 an example. This scenario is described in <ref>Bel10</ref>. Thanks to
731 Noam Hod and coworkers for contributing this code.</li>
733 <li>In the Randall-Sundrum extra-dimensional scenario a new option has
734 been added where SM fields can exist in the bulk rather than only on
735 a brane. (Still under development.) Furthermore production of a
736 Kaluza-Klein gluon state has been added, and the <code> main28.cc</code>
737 test program extended.</li>
739 <li>The scenario for monojets in Large Extra Dimensions has been expanded
740 with an alternative for scalar graviton exchange instead of tensor one.
743 <li>New parameters for maximum scale of
744 <aloc href="TimelikeShowers">timelike showers</aloc>,
745 <code>TimeShower:pTmaxMatch</code>, and the dampening of hard radiation,
746 <code>TimeShower:pTdampMatch</code> and <code>TimeShower:pTdampFudge</code>,
747 by analogy with corresponding ones for spacelike showers. Also new method
748 <code>TimeShower:limitPTmax(...)</code> to implement alternative procedures.
749 For dipoles stretched to the beam the new switch
750 <code>TimeShower:dampenBeamRecoil</code> allows to dampen radiation
751 close to the beam direction, with a changed default behaviour.</li>
753 <li>Azimuthal anisotropies from coherence arguments have been introduced
754 for the spacelike parton showers, see <code>SpaceShower:phiIntAsym</code>
755 and <code>SpaceShower:strengthIntAsym</code>.
756 Also azimuthal anisotropies from gluon polarization have been introduced
757 for the spacelike parton showers, see <code>SpaceShower:phiPolAsym</code>,
758 and updated for timelike parton showers, see
759 <code>TimeShower:phiPolAsym</code>.</li>
761 <li>Improvements for the matching to POWHEG LHEF-style input illustrated
762 by the new <code>main71.cc</code> example. See also <ref>Cor10</ref>.</li>
764 <li>A set of new processes <ei>gamma gamma -> f fbar</ei>, with <ei>f</ei>
765 quarks or leptons. Code for equivalent photon flux around an unresolved
766 proton, with more to come. Thanks to Oystein Alvestad.
769 <li>A new option has been included to dampen the growth of the diffractive
770 cross sections, see <aloc href="TotalCrossSections">Total Cross
771 Sections</aloc>.</li>
773 <li>A new method <code>virtual int SigmaProcess::idSChannel()</code>
774 has been introduced. If overloaded to return a nonzero value then a
775 <ei>2 -> n</ei> process will appear listed as a <ei>2 -> 1 -> n</ei> one.
776 That is, an intermediate resonance with the requested identity will be
777 inserted in the event record, even without appearing in the calculation
778 of the matrix element proper. Thanks to Noam Hod for idea and code.</li>
780 <li>A new method <code>SigmaProcess::convertM2()</code> has been introduced
781 to optionally allow the <code>SigmaProcess::sigmaHat()</code> to return
782 the squared matrix element rather than <ei>d(sigmaHat)/d(tHat)</ei> for
783 <ei> 2 -> 2 </ei> processes. Furthermore kinematics is stored in the new
784 <code>mME</code> and <code>pME</code> vectors for alternative cross
785 section encodings.</li>
787 <li>Different encoding of the <ei>f fbar -> Z W</ei> cross section,
788 contributed by Merlin Kole, based on the cross section of
789 Brown, Sahdev and Mikaelian. Gives a distinctly different cross section
790 than the previous based on EHLQ (including their bug fix).
791 In particular the problem with negative cross sections is now fixed.</li>
793 <li>Minor updates: pass <code>xmlPath</code> to new MSTW and CTEQ PDFs;
794 reset beams earlier to give cleaner documentation.</li>
796 <li>The H1 Fit B LO parametrization to the Pomeron PDF has been included,
797 and made new default for Pomerons. Thanks to Paul Newman for providing
800 <li>Three changes, in principle unrelated, but with the common objective
801 to make the generation of a given event depend only on the values
802 determined during the initialization stage and on the state of the
803 random-number generator when the event is begun. The new default
804 should ensure a reproducible stop-and-restart behaviour, convenient
805 for debug purposes. Thanks to Michael Schmelling for stressing the
806 desire for such a behaviour.
807 <br/>(i) Introduction of a new option <code><aloc href="PhaseSpaceCuts">
808 PhaseSpace:increaseMaximum</aloc></code> that allows to switch between
809 two strategies for handling the (hopefully rare) cases when the
810 assumed maximum of the cross section function is exceeded during the
811 event generation, with a changed default behaviour. In the old
812 default the maximum could be increased if it was exceeded during the run,
813 thereby introducing a memory of the previously generated events.
814 <br/>(ii) Updated handling of random numbers with Gaussian distributions.
815 The <code>gauss()</code> method now only generates one value at a time.
816 Instead the new <code>gauss2()</code> method returns a pair of Gauss
817 numbers, with related time savings. In the old approach one Gaussian
818 number could be buffered, which introduced a memory.
819 <br/>(iii) Minor bug fix in <code>MiniStringFragmentation</code>, where
820 the popcorn baryon state was not reset for each new system, again
821 giving a (flawed) memory.</li>
823 <li>New directory <code>rootexample</code> with a simple code example
824 how to use ROOT for histogramming in PYTHIA runs. See
825 <aloc href="ROOTusage">ROOT Usage</aloc> for details. Thanks to Rene Brun.
828 <li>In the <code>HepMCinterface</code> the checks for unhadronized
829 quarks and gluons are not performed if hadronization has been switched
832 <li>The <code>UserHooks::initPtr(...)</code> has been expanded so that
833 pointers to more classes (beam particles, random number, couplings, etc.)
834 are sent in, thereby increasing the scope of possible user-written code.
835 Also, the <code>UserHooks::doVetoProcessLevel(Event& process)</code>
836 now allows the <code>process</code> event record to be modified,
837 even if it is not recommended. The new <code>Info::pTnow()</code>
838 method returns the current <ei>pT</ei> scale of the combined MPI, ISR
839 and FSR evolution, which can be useful for some user hooks decisions.
842 <li>Histograms of the <code>Hist</code> class can now be booked
843 with up to 1000 bins, instead of the previous maximum 100. All bins
844 can be written to file, but the line-printer style printing will join
845 nearby bins so at most 100 are printed, as before. </li>
847 <li>Updated <code>configure</code> and <code>Makefile</code>
848 to allow 64-bit compilation and more options. Thanks to Mikhail Kirsanov,
849 Rene Brun and Fons Rademakers.</li>
851 <li>Bug fix in <code>ProcessLevel</code> for colour flow checks of
852 junctions. Enables the decay of a neutralino to three quarks, e.g.
853 Thanks to Nils-Erik Bomark.</li>
855 <li>Bug fixes in <code>TimeShower</code>, where recoil partners in resonance
856 decays of coloured particles, and recoil partners in QED dipoles when beams
857 are not allowed to take a recoil, might not be correctly identified. </li>
859 <li>Bug fix in <code>SpaceShower</code>: when used with a fixed
860 <ei>alpha_strong</ei>, the threshold enhancement factor of
861 <ei>g -> Q Qbar</ei> became undefined. Thanks to Stefan Prestel.</li>
863 <li>Bug fix in initialization of resonance widths, where the
864 <code>minWidth</code> parameter could be used uninitialized,
865 occasionally resulting in strange initialization problems when
866 kinematics needs to force at least one resonance to be off-shell.</li>
868 <li>Minor updates of <code>main06.cc</code>, <code>main10.cc</code>
869 and <code>main23.cc</code>.</li>
871 <li>Bug fix in mother pointer of multiparton interactions in
872 diffractive systems.</li>
877 <li>8.142: 15 August 2010
880 <li>The strategy for setting up tune values has been changed.
881 Previously the <code>Tune:ee</code> and <code>Tune:pp</code>
882 settings were only interpreted during the
883 <code>Pythia::init(...)</code> stage. Now they are interpreted
884 as soon as they are read. Specifically this means that it is
885 possible to override any of the tune parameters by putting new
886 commands below <code>Tune:ee</code> and <code>Tune:pp</code>
887 in the <code>Pythia::readFile(...)</code> configuration file
888 or in the list of <code>Pythia::readString(...)</code> commands.
889 <br/>As a consequence of this change, the public
890 <code>Pythia::initTunes(...)</code> method has been replaced by
891 two private <code>Settings::initTuneEE(...)</code> and
892 <code>Settings::initTunePP(...)</code> methods.
893 <br/>If <code>Tune:ee</code> or <code>Tune:pp</code> are
894 nonvanishing by default, then the corresponding tune variables
895 are set also from the <code>Pythia</code> constructor, before any
896 user changes are possible. Currently this is not relevant.
899 <li>Bug fix in the setup of the <code>Tune:pp = 5</code> and
900 <code>= 6</code> options, which meant that diffractive cross
901 sections were not reduced as advertised.</li>
903 <li>The default value of <code>MultipartonInteractions:pT0Ref</code>
904 has been slightly reduced so as to give a somewhat improved
905 default description. It is not intended as a replacement for the
906 specific tunes, however.</li>
908 <li>Some comparisons between tunes and data, obtained with the
909 Rivet package, have been posted on
910 <a href="http://home.thep.lu.se/~richard/pythia81/">
911 http://home.thep.lu.se/~richard/pythia81/</a>.
912 Further improvements can be expected from future Professor-based
913 tunes. The current set of 2C, 2M, 3C and 3M "draft tunes" have
914 deliberately been chosen different also to explore a range of
915 possibilities. One not visible in the plots is the fraction
916 of single and double diffractive events in the inelastic cross
917 section. This is 32% in 2C and 2M, while it was reduced to
918 21% in 3C and 3M, and a recent ATLAS study (ATLAS-CONF-2010-048)
919 would suggest 28+-4%.</li>
921 <li>Minor changes in <code>TimeShower</code> and
922 <code>SpaceShower</code>, as protection if the <ei>c</ei> or
923 <ei>b</ei> masses are set small.</li>
925 <li>Bug fix in <code>SpaceShower</code>, for case when <ei>phi</ei>
926 angle selection is biased to take into account interference effects.
929 <li>The <code>SigmaProcess::convertM2()</code> method now has
930 been implemented also for <ei>2 -> 1</ei> processes, so that it is
931 possible to provide the squared matrix element instead of
932 <ei>sigmaHat</ei> for semi-internal processes. A fixed-width
933 Breit-Wigner is also inserted, since the matrix element is supposed
934 not to include it.</li>
936 <li>New method <code>SigmaProcess::setupForME()</code> does an
937 extended conversion from the internal kinematics to an almost
938 equivalent one, better adapted to the mass conventions of matrix-element
939 caclulation programs, such as massive incoming <ei>b</ei> quarks.
940 New flags allow to determine whether the <ei>c</ei>, <ei>b</ei>,
941 <ei>mu</ei> and <ei>tau</ei> should be considered massless or not
942 in the calculations.</li>
944 <li>Two new friend methods <code>table</code> of the <code>Hist</code>
945 class allow to print a table with three columns, the first for the
946 (common!) <ei>x</ei> values and the other two for the respective
947 histogram values. A new method <code>takeSqrt</code> for the square
948 root of histogram bin contents.
954 <li>8.145: 10 November 2010
957 <li><code>Couplings</code> is defined in <code>StandardModel.h</code>
958 as a derived class of <code>coupSM</code> and has only one extra flag:
959 <code>isSUSY</code> to check presence of extra couplings.Changed all
960 pointers <code>CoupSM*</code> to <code>Couplings*</code> and removed
961 explicit references to <code>CoupSUSY*</code>. The <code>coupSUSY</code>
962 object is only initialised if SUSY couplings are present. The new pointer
963 <code>couplingsPtr</code> points either to only SM couplings or SM+SUSY
964 couplings based on SLHA data.</li>
966 <li>New files <code>SusyResonanceWidths.h/cc</code> contains the
967 <code>SusyResonanceWidths</code> class, which inherits from
968 <code>ResonanceWidths</code> but typecasts the <code>couplingsPtr</code>
969 to <code>(CoupSUSY*) coupSUSYPtr</code>. This is the base class for
970 all SUSY resonances. It contains the <code>ResonanceSquark</code> class
971 for all squark decays. A new flag <code>SLHA:useDecayTable</code>
972 to check if internal widths should be overwritten by those read in
975 <li>Added new functionality to <code>SusyLesHouches</code> for read-in
976 of generic user blocks in the SLHA format, along with methods to
977 extract parameters from them with typecasting controlled by the user.
978 Intended for use with user-written semi-internal processes.</li>
980 <li>Added <code>Sigma1qq2antisquark</code> cross section.</li>
982 <li>Some new flags and modes in the <code>SUSY</code> and
983 <code>SLHA</code> series offer further functionality.</li>
985 <li>Several further changes as a consequence of the upgrade of the SUSY
988 <li>Bug/typo fixes in rotation matrices for SUSY couplings and for the
989 processes <code>qqbar2squarkantisquark</code>,
990 <code>qq2squarksquark</code> and more.</li>
992 <li>Improved handling of colour junctions. Added new example program
993 <code>main72.cc</code>, to illustrate read-in of color junction
994 structures via LHEF (<code>main72.lhe</code>). The example used is SUSY
997 <li>New Tune 4C introduced as <code>Tune:pp = 5</code>. The more crude
998 (non-)tunes 3C and 3M are removed.</li>
1000 <li>New methods <code>Settings::getFlagMap(...)</code>,
1001 <code>Settings::getModeMap(...)</code>,
1002 <code>Settings::getParmMap(...)</code> and
1003 <code>Settings::getWordMap(...)</code> allows to return a map of all
1004 settings of the respective type that contain a specific string
1008 <li>Improved description of excited <ei>g^*/KK-gluon^*</ei> production
1009 in the <code>Sigma1qqbar2KKgluonStar</code> and
1010 <code>ResonanceKKgluon</code> classes.</li>
1012 <li>Possibility added to let Hidden-Valley <ei>gamma_v</ei> have
1013 a nonero mass and decay by mixing with the ordinary photon.
1014 Still experimental.</li>
1016 <li>Minor bug fix in handling of three-body phase space.</li>
1018 <li>Minor correction in <code>Sigma2ffbar2TEVffbar</code> class.</li>
1020 <li>Bug fix for decays of <ei>W'</ei> to a pair of heavy fermions when
1021 <ei>gV != gA</ei>. Thanks to M. Chizhov, see arXiv:0705.3944. </li>
1023 <li>Restore the older EHLQ-based encoding of the <ei>f fbar -> Z W</ei>
1024 cross section, which was changed in version 8.140, since comparisons
1025 with Madgraph gives much better agreement with it than with the
1026 expression of Brown, Sahdev and Mikaelian.</li>
1028 <li>The <code>HepMCInterface</code> now also stores colour flow
1029 information for coloured particles.</li>
1031 <li>Pointer to <code>Couplings</code> made available for particle
1034 <li>Minor update in <code>main61.cc</code> for more elegant usage
1035 of FastJet, as suggested by Gregory Soyez.</li>
1040 <li>8.150: 20 April 2011
1043 <li>Tune 4C is made default. It is based on first comparisons with
1044 LHC data <ref>Cor10a</ref>, and has also been checked independently
1045 <ref>Buc11</ref> to give reasonable agreement with many distributions.
1048 <li>The description of <ei>tau</ei> lepton decays has been significantly
1049 enhanced, to include helicity information related to the production
1050 process and hadronic currents fitted to data. A complete writeup is
1051 in preparation <ref>Ilt11</ref>. A new flag is introduced to revert
1052 to the old behaviour, for cross-checks, see
1053 <aloc href="ParticleDecays">Particle Decays</aloc>.
1054 The new tau decay machinery is on by default.
1057 <li>A new option <code>MultipartonInteractions:bProfile = 4</code> has
1058 been introduced for the impact-parameter profile of protons in the
1059 <aloc href="MultipartonInteractions">Multiparton Interactions</aloc>
1060 framework, wherein low-<ei>x</ei> partons are spread over a larger area
1061 than high-<ei>x</ei> ones, see <ref>Cor11</ref>. A new method
1062 <code>Info::eMPI(i)</code> gives back the enhancement factor related to
1063 the <code>i</code>'th interaction. The impact-parameter profile can now
1064 be selected separately for <aloc href="Diffraction">diffraction</aloc>,
1065 but without a <code>bProfile = 4</code> option.
1068 <li>The possibility of "hadronization" in the
1069 <aloc href="HiddenValleyProcesses">Hidden Valley</aloc> sector
1070 has been added as a new option <code>HiddenValley:fragment = on</code>.
1071 This is based on a copy of the standard string fragmentation framework,
1072 but with the option of a completely separate "flavour" sector, and
1073 separately tunable longitudinal fragmentation functions and transverse
1074 momenta. For now only a simple flavour scenario is provided, where
1075 flavour-diagonal mesons can decay back into the normal visible sector
1076 while off-diagonal ones remain hidden. A writeup of the model is in
1077 preparation <ref>Car11</ref>. Also some further Hidden Valley options
1078 have been added.</li>
1080 <li>Included possibility in <code>TimeShower</code> for QCD dipoles to
1081 have an adjustible normalization factor, via the new
1082 <code>bool isFlexible</code> and <code>double flexFactor</code>
1083 properties of <code>class TimeDipoleEnd</code>. This flexibility is used
1084 to treat radiation off colour topologies with epsilon tensors, in
1085 particular colour junctions which have all their partons in the
1086 final state. (An example is the BNV-SUSY decay ~chi0→uds.) For
1087 such topologies, the new treatment in PYTHIA 8 is that a
1088 half-strength dipole is spanned between all combinations of
1089 final-state quarks. For junctions with an incoming (anti)colour line (such
1090 as in the BNV-SUSY decay ~t*→cb), a full-strength dipole is
1091 instead spanned between the two daughters, with no radiation from the
1092 decaying object (in its CM). As will be described in a fortcoming
1093 paper with N. Desai, this should give the
1094 closest possible correspondence to the radiation patterns exhibited
1095 by higher-order matrix elements for this type of process.</li>
1097 <li>Corrected harmless bugs in <code>ProcessLevel::findJunctions</code>
1098 which caused junctions of types 3 and 4 (i.e., junctions with 1
1099 incoming color tag) to sometimes be incorrectly classified as types
1100 1 and 2 (with all color tags outgoing), respectively.
1101 Since the parity (even/odd) of the junction kind was still correct,
1102 however, this did not cause any problems at the hadronization
1105 <li>The junction-finder in <code>ProcessLevel::findJunctions</code>
1106 has been made more stable, and the following ordering of the color
1107 tags returned by <code>Event::endColJunction(iJun, iLeg)</code> is
1108 now enforced: for junction kinds 3 and 4 (one tag
1109 incoming), <code>iLeg = 0</code> will return the
1110 incoming tag, while for kinds 5 and 6 (two tags incoming),
1111 <code>iLeg = 0</code> and <code>iLeg = 1</code> will return the
1112 incoming tags. Apart from this ordering, the color tags are
1113 ordered in ascending color tag number.</li>
1115 <li>Declarations of friend functions moved to sit outside the class
1116 it befriends. Thanks to Axel Naumann for pointing out the incorrect
1117 previous construction.</li>
1119 <li>The <code>rootexample</code> subdirectory becomes
1120 <code>rootexamples</code> as the old example is split into two,
1121 with improved documentation to clarify usage. Thanks to Axel Naumann
1122 and Bernhard Meirose for the new code.</li>
1124 <li>In the Les Houches Event File machinery, input type has been
1125 changed from <code>ifstream</code> to <code>istream</code> for more
1128 <li>R-hadron handling is largely implemented, see the
1129 <aloc href="RHadrons">R-hadrons</aloc> page, although some aspects
1130 still need polishing. A new class <code>RHadrons</code> takes
1131 care of the hadronization and decay. Particle data have been added
1132 for R-hadrons containing a gluino, stop or sbottom, but could
1133 alternatively be used for other long-lived coloured particles.
1134 Thanks to Bernhard Meirose for support.
1137 <li>Calculations of SUSY decay widths included by
1138 N. Desai, contained in the new source
1139 files <code>SusyResonanceWidth.cc</code>
1140 and </code>.h</code>. Validation and addition of more modes is still in
1141 progress, so this implementation should be considered preliminary
1142 for now. For a list of available modes, see
1143 the <aloc href="SUSYProcesses">SUSY Processes</aloc> page.
1146 <li>A first implementation of the SLHA-based QNUMBERS interface for
1147 defining new exotic particles has been
1148 included. See <ref>Alw07</ref> and
1149 the <aloc href="SUSYLesHouchesAccord">SUSY Les Houches Accord</aloc>
1152 <li>Read-in of LHEF events containing Baryon Number Violating vertices
1153 has been included, using colour junctions, see
1154 the <aloc href="EventRecord">Event Record</aloc> page. The advanced
1155 shower model taking into account the full colour structure of such
1156 events, developed by N. Desai and described above,
1157 is turned on by default in such events.
1158 Several test cases were used to
1159 validate this implementation, but it is possible that problems could
1160 still exist for some cases. Feedback is welcome. Thanks to
1161 the MadGraph authors for providing several test cases.</li>
1163 <li>Some first steps taken to allow events containing colour sextets,
1164 e.g., from semi-internal processes or LHEF interfaces, and/or from
1165 SLHA <code>DECAY</code> tables. New
1166 <code>colType</code> codes 3 and -3 are introduced to describe
1167 sextets and antisextets, respectively. The state of the current
1168 implementation is that hard processes containing such states can be
1169 read in and decays generated (via <code>DECAY</code> tables). Parton
1170 showers can be added, but the sextets themselves do not, as yet,
1171 shower, and any undecayed sextets remaining at the hadronization
1172 stage would lead to unpredictable problems if hadronization is
1173 switched on. Thanks to J. Alwall for help with testing
1174 this implementation.
1177 <li>The functionality of the SLHA SUSY/BSM interface (see
1178 the <aloc href="SUSYLesHouches">SUSY Les Houches</aloc> page) has been
1179 extended so that copies of all <code>BLOCK</code>s are now stored
1181 strings, regardless of whether they correspond to "official" SLHA
1182 blocks or not. Their contents can subsequently be queried by a set
1183 of new templated member functions of the
1184 class <code>SusyLesHouches</code>. Available query functions so far
1186 <br/><code>template <class T> bool getEntry(string, T&);</code>,
1187 <br/><code>template <class T> bool getEntry(string, int, T&);</code>,
1188 <br/><code>template <class T> bool getEntry(string, int, int, T&);
1190 <br/><code>template <class T> bool getEntry(string, int,
1191 int, int, T&);</code>,
1192 <br/>where the type of
1193 the argument used in the call determines how to read the block
1194 entries. Thus, if an LHEF, SLHA, or other card file is read in by
1195 PYTHIA, the contents of any <code>BLOCK</code> in that file can
1196 subsequently be queried run-time using these functions. This is
1197 used, e.g., in the new interface between MADGRAPH 5 and PYTHIA
1198 8. Thanks to the MADGRAPH team, and to J. Alwall in particular, for
1199 help and debug on this new implementation.
1205 <li>8.153: 10 August 2011
1208 <li>The setup of tunes has been modified, see the
1209 <aloc href="Tunes">Tunes</aloc> page for details. Specifically
1210 the <code>Tune:ee</code> and <code>Tune:pp</code> modes have
1211 acquired a new option <code>-1</code> for a forced restore to the
1212 default values of all settings used in the respective kind of
1215 <li>The code for handling multiparton interactions in the scenario with
1216 an <ei>x</ei>-dependent width of the Gaussian matter profile
1217 <ref>Cor11</ref>, has been improved and updated. Tune 4Cx, which
1218 is based on this option, has been added as a further tune option.</li>
1220 <li>A possibility to bias the phase-space selection has been added,
1221 whereby some phase space regions can be oversampled, which is
1222 compensated by assigning a weight to each event.
1223 A new set of methods have been added to the <code>UserHooks</code>
1224 class to allow users to program how to bias the selection.</li>
1226 <li>New options added so that matrix-element corrections can be
1227 switched off after the first branching in ISR or FSR.</li>
1229 <li>Some new <code>Info</code> methods have been added to store
1230 information on latest ISR branching. The <code>SpaceShower</code>
1231 class has also been corrected so that the latest <ei>z = 1/2</ei>
1232 when not defined by history. This avoids undefined values for
1233 azimuthal asymmetries. Thanks to Stefan Prestel for finding and
1234 sorting out this problem.</li>
1236 <li>The <code>Pythia::forceHadronLevel()</code> method now takes
1237 an argument that optionally means that existing junction information
1238 is not overwritten. Thanks to Leif Lönnblad for pointing out
1239 the usefulness of this.</li>
1241 <li>For particle decays to a varying number of hadrons the multiplicity
1242 increase with mass has been somewhat reduced, and especially for
1243 <code>meMode = 23</code> a separate even slower increase has been
1246 <li>New possibility to force the tau polarization.</li>
1248 <li>Bug fix for the special case in which events containing SUSY
1249 particles are generated without proper initialization of SUSY decays.
1250 This can happen, e.g., if events containing SUSY particles are read
1251 in via external LHEF files, if those files do not contain readable
1252 SLHA spectra in their headers. In this case, a failed attempt to
1253 generate sparticle decays with ill-defined couplings previously
1254 led to crashes. The program now reverts to the old behaviour,
1255 based on static decay tables, in such cases, with the default
1256 being to decay all sparticles to gravitino + particle. An error
1257 message stating that the full SUSY treatment has been switched
1258 off and why is also issued. Thanks to N. Desai for this fix.</li>
1260 <li>The R-hadron machinery has been completed.</li>
1262 <li>Minor change in timelike showers: gluons which fall below the
1263 <ei>pTmin</ei> cutoff by the correction for mass effects are now
1264 eliminated, while previously they were kept. This reduces the
1265 number of gluons somewhat, but has no significant effects on the
1266 hadronic final state. (Prompted by R-hadron studies, where big mass
1267 effects else give bothersome low-energy gluons.)</li>
1269 <li>Corrected typos in two of the Upsilon wave function matrix
1270 elements, <code>Bottomonium:OUpsilon3P08</code> and
1271 <code>Bottomonium:Ochib03P01</code>. Thanks to Beate Heinemann for
1272 pointing it out.</li>
1274 <li>Implemented <ei>f*</ei> decay angle in <ei>f f -> f f*</ei> processes,
1275 and fixed some bugs for the same process. Thanks to Piyali Banerjee
1278 <li>Introduce possibility to separate production channels for
1279 TeV-sized extra dimensions, and a small code correction. Thanks to
1280 Noam Hod for code contribution.</li>
1282 <li>Bug fix for neutrino beams: since neutrinos are always lefthanded
1283 there should be a factor 2 in the cross section, relative to charged
1284 leptons, from the non-need to average over incoming spin states. This
1285 is now fixed by introducing a new PDF class <code>NeutrinoPoint</code>
1286 for (unresolved) neutrinos, with normalization 2 rather than 1 for
1287 charged leptons. Thanks to Ryosuke Sato.</li>
1289 <li>Bug fix for some (rarely used) particle settings, which could not
1290 be changed by users because they were read too early. Thanks to
1291 Andrew Altheimer and Gustaaf Brooijmans.</li>
1293 <li>Bug fix in handling of <code>tau</code> decays, where setting of
1294 decay vertices could write outside memory. Thanks to Steven Schramm.</li>
1296 <li>Minor expansion of the <code>BeamParticle</code> constructor.</li>
1298 <li>Minor bug fix in CTEQ 6L for uninitialized variables.</li>
1300 <li>Minor bug fix in fragmentation flavour combination to hadron.</li>
1302 <li>Some updates of the documentation, including new pages on
1303 MadGraph 5 as a generator for semi-internal processes (thanks to
1304 Johan Alwall) and on RIVET interfacing.</li>
1306 <li>Minor improvements of ROOT- and HepMC-related code and documentation.</li>
1308 <li>Some cleanup of code.</li>
1313 <li>8.157: 10 November 2011
1316 <ii>StefanPrestel joins as new member of the PYTHIA author team.
1317 He is mainly working on matching/merging issues, and has contributed
1318 the CKKW-L machinery mentioned below.</li>
1320 <li>Merging capabilities according to the CKKW-L scheme <ref>Lon11</ref>
1321 have been added, see the new
1322 <aloc href="MatrixElementMerging">Matrix Element Merging</aloc>
1323 page. It involves new classes to reconstruct and select how a
1324 matrix-element-generated partonic configuration could have been obtained
1325 by the PYTHIA evolution, and to perform trial showers (using a new
1326 copy of the normal parton-level machinery) that introduce the appropriate
1327 Sudakov suppression factors. New examples to illustrate various
1328 common tasks are found in <code>main81.cc</code>, <code>main82.cc</code>,
1329 <code>main83.cc</code> and <code>main84.cc</code>.</li>
1331 <li>The <code>main71.cc</code> program is now generalised for reading
1332 in arbitrary POWHEG LHE files, to implement a smooth matching between NLO
1333 matrix elements and the PYTHIA parton showers. Cuts are made on both
1334 ISR and FSR emissions, while previously only ISR was covered. The key
1335 assumptions are the <ei>pT</ei> definitions used for ISR and FSR, but several
1336 further options are available, as documented in the <code>main71.cmnd</code>
1337 file. Work is still ongoing to pick the best default options. </li>
1339 <li>Several expansions of the <code>UserHooks</code> class.
1340 For both <code>doVetoFSREmission</code> and <code>doVetoISREmission</code>
1341 a new argument <code>iSys</code> labels the system within which the
1342 radiation occurs. For <code>doVetoFSREmission</code> a further argument
1343 <code>inResonance</code> distinguishes FSR in resonance
1344 decays from that in the hard process itself. New methods
1345 <code>canVetoMPIEmission</code> and <code>doVetoMPIEmission</code>
1346 have been added to veto multiparton interactions in the same way as
1347 FSR and ISR. In <code>biasSelectionBy</code> at times incorrect values
1348 for <code>inEvent</code> has been corrected. Also some systematization
1349 of the use of <code>const</code>.</li>
1351 <li>A new model for hadron scattering is introduced, still at an early
1352 stage and therefore more intended for internal development than for the
1353 normal user. The basic idea is that a high-energy <ei>pp</ei> collision
1354 involves the fragmentation of multiparton strings that overlap in space
1355 (and time). Also the produced hadrons therefore initially overlap, and
1356 there is a strong likelihood that hadrons can scatter against each other
1357 until the system has expanded sufficiently. This can e.g. increase the
1358 transverse momentum of heavier hadrons at the expense of lighter ones.
1361 <li>A new jet finder <code>SlowJet</code> offers simple access to the
1362 inclusive <ei>kT</ei>, anti-<ei>kT</ei>, and Cambridge/Aachen
1363 algorithms in a cylindrical coordinate frame. The jet reconstruction
1364 is then based on sequential recombination with progressive removal,
1365 using the <ei>E</ei> recombination scheme. The minimalistic
1366 <code>SlowJet</code> code is much slower than <code>FastJet</code>
1367 <ref>Cac06</ref>, and contains less options, but reconstructs the same
1368 jets if run under identical conditions. For details see the
1369 <aloc href="EventAnalysis">Event Analysis</aloc> page.</li>
1371 <li>Starting in gcc 4.6, it is possible to switch off specific warnings
1372 around specific blocks of code. Although version 4.6 is some way off
1373 from being commonly found, this option has now been introduced to switch
1374 off <code>-Wshadow</code> warnings in <code>HepMCInterface.cc</code>.
1375 For other compilers, or earlier versions of gcc, the old behaviour
1378 <li>Support for reading in gzipped LHEFs has been added in the
1379 <code>LesHouches</code> and <code>SusyLesHouches</code> classes.
1380 This also affects <code>configure</code> and <code>Makefile</code>s.
1381 Unless explicitly enabled, it should not affect anything.
1382 If enabled, it relies on the Boost and zlib libraries to function,
1383 so paths to these must be set appropriately, see the
1384 <code>README</code> file for details. The Boost header files can
1385 give very many shadow warnings, so <code>-Wshadow</code> is disabled
1386 if gzip support is enabled, as described above.</li>
1388 <li>Introduce use of the <code>HEPMC_HAS_UNITS</code> environment
1389 variable in the <code>HepMCInterface.cc</code> and <code>main32.cc</code>
1390 codes to automatically check whether GeV and mm can be set as relevant
1391 units. If yes, then it is set in <code>main32.cc</code>. If no,
1392 a conversion from GeV to MeV is done explicitly in
1393 <code>HepMCInterface.cc</code>. Note that, for early HepMC versions,
1394 this means a change of behaviour. Thanks to Andy Buckley.</li>
1396 <li>A new method <code>Info::lhaStrategy()</code> returns the
1397 Les Houches event weighting strategy where relevant, and 0 where not.
1398 For the strategies <ei>+-4</ei> the event weight and sum,
1399 <code>Info::weight()</code> and <code>Info::weightSum()</code>,
1400 is now in units of pb at output, as it should be at input.
1401 (While internally mb is used.)</li>
1403 <li>New flag <code>Check:abortIfVeto</code> allows the user to
1404 resume control over execution in case of a veto in the event
1405 generation process.</li>
1407 <li>New method <code>Event::at(i)</code> returns reference to
1408 <code>i</code>'th particle in the event record.</li>
1410 <li>Introduce the Fermi constant as one of the Standard Model
1413 <li>Included automatic pre-initialization of SLHA blocks MASS and
1414 SMINPUTS using PYTHIA's SM parameters and particle data table
1417 <li>SUSY: added sleptons (and sneutrinos) as resonances.
1418 Corrected 2-body decay widths of gluinos, squarks and gauginos.
1419 Added sleptonic decay modes to gaugino decays.
1420 Implemented 2-body decays of sleptons (and sneutrinos)
1421 into sleptons/leptons/gauginos. Corrected slepton couplings (they
1422 now look exactly like squark couplings, using a 6x6 slepton mixing
1425 <li>New parameter <code>Diffraction:probMaxPert</code> introduce to
1426 give more flexibility in transition from a nonperturbative to a
1427 perturbative description of a diffractive system.</li>
1429 <li>Bug corrected in <code>SigmaEW.cc</code>, for the process
1430 <code>WeakSingleBoson:ffbar2ffbar(s:gm)</code>. Previously, all outgoing
1431 quark flavours in this process were erroneously assigned ID code 5
1432 (b quarks). This has now been corrected so the proper ratios are
1433 obtained, with <ei>u : c : d : s : b = 4 : 4 : 1 : 1 : 1</ei>,
1434 according to the squared quark charges.</li>
1436 <li>Changes in <code>FragmentationSystems</code> and
1437 <code>StringFragmentation</code> to reject systems with three or more
1438 interconnected junctions. This may happen in baryon-number-violating
1439 scenarios in pp collisions, if both of the beam baryon junctions are
1440 resolved and get connected via an antijunction created by a
1441 hard-process BNV vertex. In principle, this could be addressed by an
1442 extension of the existing junction fragmentation framework. However,
1443 since it happens rarely, for the time being an error message is printed
1444 and the fragmentation restarted.
1447 <li>Change in <code>Event::copy</code> to safeguard against attempting
1448 to copy out-of-range entries. An attempt to copy a non-existing entry
1449 will now return -1.</li>
1451 <li>Bug fix in the machinery for the user to force the setting of
1452 tau polarization.</li>
1454 <li>Bug fix in the initial search for a maximum of the process
1455 cross section (only affecting rare cases).</li>
1457 <li>Corrected angular decay distributions for two compositeness
1458 processes, <code>Sigma2qq2qStarq</code> and
1459 <code>Sigma2qqbar2lStarlbar</code>.</li>
1461 <li>Extra check in <code>HiddenValleyFragmentation</code> to make sure
1462 that pointers which have not been assigned with <code>new</code> are not
1465 <li>Some further minor changes.</li>
1470 <li>8.160: 23 January 2012
1473 <li>The older term "multiple interactions" has been replaced by the
1474 new standard "multiparton interactions" one, and correspondingly the
1475 abbreviation MI by MPI. This affects everything: settings, class and
1476 method names, documentation, etc. It therefore becomes necessary to
1477 rewrite user code. However, so as to keep the immediate effort at a
1478 reasonable level, the old settings names are kept as aliases. Thus
1479 <code>PartonLevel:MI</code> and <code>PartonLevel:MPI</code> are
1480 equivalent, and similarly <code>MultipleInteractions:pT0Ref</code>
1481 and <code>MultipartonInteractions:pT0Ref</code>. Should you be using
1482 methods such as <code>double Info::pTMI(int i)</code> you need to
1483 edit the code, however. All the <code>example/main*</code> files
1484 have been uopdated accordingly.</li>
1486 <li>A new option <code>Beams:frameType = 5</code> has been added
1487 for the case where an external generator should provide LHA process
1488 information. The new <code>Pythia::setLHAupPtr(...)</code> method
1489 should then be used to link in this generator. The new switch
1490 <code>Beams:newLHEFsameInit</code> can be used to tell that a new
1491 LHEF should be used, but without the need for a new initialization.
1492 With these two changes, all the different ways of initializing
1493 can be covered by the <code>Pythia::init()</code> call with no
1494 arguments. The various <code>init(...)</code>options with arguments
1495 are deprecated and will be removed for PYTHIA 8.2.</li>
1497 <li> The <code>Pythia::stat()</code> method, with no arguments,
1498 replaces <code>Pythia::statistics(...)</code>, although the latter
1499 remains as a deprecated alternative.</li>
1501 <li>New settings <code>Init:...</code>, <code>Next:...</code>,
1502 and <code>Stat:...</code> can be used to steer some details of
1503 the operation of the <code>Pythia::init()</code>,
1504 <code>Pythia::next()</code> and <code>Pythia::stat()</code>,
1505 respectively. In particular it affects the amount of printout
1506 at the various stages of operation. See
1507 <aloc href="MainProgramSettings">here</aloc> for further details.
1508 This change involves several code changes, but in documentation
1509 rather than physics. Most of the <code>Main:...</code> settings
1510 are deprecated as a consequence.</li>
1512 <li>The sample main programs in the <code>examples</code> subdirectory
1513 have been updated. This includes a change to the new favoured
1514 methods and settings outlined above, plus some update of the
1515 physics contents. Some of the examples have been combined,
1516 some others have been added (e.g. for R-hadroms), and as a consequence
1517 some renumbering has been made. See the modified list of
1518 <aloc href="SampleMainPrograms">sample main programs</aloc> for
1519 the new status. In particular note that (the new) <code>main61.cc</code>
1520 allows streamlined input and output in HepMC, like <code>main42.cc</code>
1521 (previously <code>main32.cc</code>), but additionally links to LHAPDF. </li>
1523 <li>The <code>examples/configure</code> script has new optional argument
1524 <code>--with-pythia8</code>. It can be used to set the new
1525 <code>PYTHIA8LOCATION</code> environment variable, which then is used
1526 in <code>examples/Makefile</code> to give the path to the PYTHIA
1527 library. Thereby it becomes possible to relocate (parts of) the
1528 <code>examples</code> directory and still obtain the correct path.
1529 Thanks to Mikhail Kirsanov.</li>
1531 <li>Polarization information has been included as a new
1532 <code>Particle</code> property, that can be set by
1533 <code>void pol(double polIn)</code> and obtained by
1534 <code>double pol()</code>. Default value is <code>9.</code>,
1535 in agreement with the Les Houches standard. Event listings have
1536 been expanded to optionally display this information. Currently
1537 polarization is not used internally.</li>
1539 <li>The matrix element merging machinery has been modified as follows.
1540 <br/>- Improved handling of the hard process, so that MadGraph5-produced
1541 LHE files do not produce problems (sometimes, the choices of MG4 on what
1542 to put into a LHEF have changed in MG5).
1543 <br/>- Improved handling of colour for easier handling of states with
1544 many quarks (the code has been tested for states with up to 5
1545 <ei>q qbar</ei> pairs and some gluons).
1546 <br/>- Improved checking which clusterings are allowed. Now, clusterings
1547 should immediately be rejected if they lead to unphysical states,
1548 without the need to explicitly construct these states. This was needed
1549 to get <ei>t tbar</ei> production, VBF and some simple SUSY processes
1550 running with reasonable generality.
1551 <br/>- Improved handling of incomplete histories. Now there is an
1552 additional switch allowing code to try to swap some colours when fewer
1553 clusterings than requested have been found.
1556 <li>Updates in the handling of graviton resonances in scenarios with
1558 <br/>- Now all G decays have correct angular distribution, which was not
1559 the case before for W/Z decays.
1560 <br/>- Added the possibility for G to only couple to longitudinal
1561 W/Z bosons, which affects both the width and angular distributions.
1562 <br/>- Added decays to Higgs pairs, <ei>G -> hh</ei>.
1565 <li>Bug fix in the <code>findJunctions()</code> function in
1566 <code>ProcessLevel.cc</code>. Changes introduced in version
1567 8.145 (to allow for junctions in baryon-number-violating
1568 processes) did not correctly handle the remapping of color
1569 tags that can be applied when adding beam remnants to events with
1570 multiparton interactions. A simpler and more stable algorithm is
1571 now applied for the simplest cases, with the more complex one only
1572 invoked for cases such as BNV, which are normally considered before
1573 remnants are added, hence avoiding this particular problem. Also some
1574 other changes in the handling of junction, including a safeguard to
1575 reject systems with three or more interconnected junctions.</li>
1577 <li>Bug fix and updates to the SLHA interface. Possibility of infinite
1578 loop during <code>ProcessLevel::initSLHA</code> corrected. Modifications
1579 to <code>SusyLesHouches</code> to allow interpretation of SLHA1 spectra
1580 with R-parity violation. Rather than reject spectra that do not conform
1581 fully to the SLHA2 standard for RPV, the interface will now first look
1582 for SLHA1 mixing matrices and attempt to translate those into SLHA2 ones
1583 if possible. In this case, warnings that the expected SLHA2 blocks were
1584 not found will be printed. It is up to the user to check that the
1585 derived SLHA2 information is correct. Corresponding additions to
1586 <code>SusyCouplings.cc</code> to extract mixing-matrix information
1587 from the relevant SLHA2 RPV blocks when RPV is switched on.</li>
1589 <li>Updated SLHA example <code>main24.cmnd</code> to use new example
1590 spectrum, <code>cmssm.spc</code>, corresponding to CMSSM point
1591 10.1.1, obtained with SOFTSUSY 3.3.0. Thanks to B. Allanach for
1592 providing the new spectrum file.</li>
1594 <li>A new <code>include/FastJet3.h</code> header file simplifies
1595 interfacing of FastJet to Pythia. For details see documentation in
1596 the file itself. Thanks to Gavin Salam for this contribution.</li>
1598 <li>The handling of diffraction has been made more flexible.
1599 Specifically the "total" Pomeron-proton cross section can now be made
1600 to depend on the mass of the diffractive system. This does not affect
1601 the diffractive cross section in pp collisions, which is set separately,
1602 but is used in the MPI machinery to affect the average number of
1603 interactions per Pomeron-proton collision. Furthermore, the allowed
1604 range for some parameters has been expanded. Thanks to Robert
1607 <li>New method <code>Pythia::forceTimeShower(...)</code> can be used to
1608 generate a single final-state cascade from a set of partons, without
1609 any knowledge of prior history. This is mainly intended for toy studies.
1610 The meaning of the <code>ProcessLevel:all</code> switch has been modified
1611 so that this parton-level function is available, but not any others
1615 <li>ATLAS tune A2 now included. Thanks to Deepak Kar for
1618 <li>Change in the handling of recoils of timelike showers in resonance
1619 decays, in cases of coloured resonances such as <ei>t -> b W</ei>. In
1620 the first step the <ei>W</ei> always acts as recoiler to the <ei>b</ei>,
1621 but in subsequent step previously the <ei>W</ei> remained as recoiler to
1622 one dipole, while now all QCD-radiating partons recoil against another
1623 coloured parton. The old behaviour could give a (small) unphysical spike
1624 of radition collinear with the colourless recoiler in the subsequent
1625 emissions (while the pattern of the first was and remains correct).
1626 The old behaviour can be recovered for checks, see
1627 <code>TimeShower:recoilToColoured</code>.
1628 Thanks to Yevgeny Kats for pointing out this issue (previously noted
1629 for Pythia 6 by several persons).
1632 <li>Bug fixes for <code>rootexamples/Makefile</code> and restoration
1633 of some deleted information in <code>rootexamples/README</code>.
1634 Thanks to Axel Naumann and Bernhard Meirose.</li>
1636 <li>Bug fix, so that displaced vertices are possible in resonance
1637 decay chains. Thanks to Daniel Blackburn and Andy Buckley for
1638 pointing this out.</li>
1640 <li>Bug fix for <code>Info</code> counter 2.</li>
1642 <li>Bug fix so that sextet quarks now are read in correctly from
1643 Les Houches Event files; previously the (anti)colours were set
1646 <li>Year updated to 2012 in copyright statements etc.</li>
1648 <li>Reformatting to reduce the number of code lines with more
1649 than 79 characters.</li>
1651 <li><code>Pythia::initSLHA()</code> moved from <code>public</code>
1652 to <code>private</code>.
1655 <li>Remove warning message when tau polarization is set by hand.</li>
1657 <li>Several minor changes to reduce the number of warnings issued
1658 by the clang compiler. The origin of some warnings remains unclear
1659 so those remain to track down (could also be compiler bugs; note that
1660 we discuss warnings, not errors). Thanks to Randy MacLeod for bringing
1663 <li>The worksheet has been updated to be in step with Pythia 8.160.</li>
1665 <li>Several other minor corrections in the code and documentation.</li>
1670 <li>8.162: 12 March 2012
1673 <li>A new option allows for several partons to share the recoil in
1674 final-state radiation, see<aloc href="TimelikeShowers">Timelike
1675 Showers</aloc>. It is mainly intended to be used in the context of
1676 matching to matrix elements, and so only to be used in the first
1677 few branchings.</li>
1679 <li>Several new processes for LED dijet production, see
1680 <aloc href="ExtraDimensionalProcesses">Extra Dimensions</aloc>.</li>
1682 <li>Small update of the <code>Sigma2ffbar2LEDllbar</code> and
1683 <code>Sigma2ffbar2LEDgammagamma</code> LED processes.</li>
1685 <li>New <code>Sigma2QCffbar2llbar</code>
1686 <aloc href="CompositenessProcesses">contact interaction</aloc>
1689 <li>Inclusion of a new method in the
1690 <aloc href="MatrixElementMerging">matrix-element merging</aloc>
1691 framework to influence the construction of histories, e.g. to already
1692 in the construction of histories disallow paths that fail the
1693 <ei>2 -> 2</ei> cuts.</li>
1695 <li>Further minor updates of the matrix-element merging code,
1696 mainly for improved clarity.</li>
1698 <li>Minor bug fix in the handling of beam and event information fed
1699 in from an <code>LHAup</code> instance.</li>
1701 <li>Minor bug fix for potential crashes from uninitialized variables
1702 for the merging machinery when merging is not used.</li>
1704 <li>Updated History class for matrix element merging,
1705 also avoiding some compiler warnings.</li>
1707 <li>Bug fixes in the handling of correlated mass choices in resonance
1708 decays, such as <ei>H -> Z^*0 Z^*0</ei>.</li>
1710 <li>Bug fix when the process-level execution is switched off,
1711 where <code>Info::isResolved()</code> could be called before its
1712 value was initialized. Thanks to Christian Pulvermacher
1713 for finding this.</li>
1715 <li>Corrected matrix-element expression for mass selection in
1716 <ei>A^0 -> Z^*0 Z^*0</ei> and <ei>A^0 -> W^*+ W^*-</ei>.</li>
1718 <li>SM Higgs mass updated to 125 GeV and default width and branching
1719 ratios modified accordingly. Minor technical improvements of width
1722 <li>The usage of nested classes has been removed from
1723 <code>SusyLesHouches</code>, since it could give compilation errors
1724 on some platforms. The new class names begin with <code>LH</code>
1725 and all classes have been put inside the <code>Pythia8</code>
1728 <li>Minor Makefile updates. Thanks to Mikhail Kirsanov.</li>
1730 <li>Minor changes to avoid some clang compiler warnings on the
1731 Mac OS X platform.</li>
1736 <li>8.163: 27 March 2012
1739 <li>New methods in the
1740 <aloc href="EventInformation"><code>Info</code></aloc> class,
1741 <code>id1pdf()</code>, <code>id2pdf()</code>, <code>x1pdf()</code>
1742 and <code>x2pdf()</code>, to denote the partons for which parton
1743 distribution values have been defined. Previously this was assumed
1744 to agree with the incoming partons to the hard process, the same
1745 methods without the <code>pdf</code> qualifier. However, now the
1746 POWHEG approach offers a counterexample. Also the reading and
1747 handling of Les Houches (and other) events, and the interface
1748 to HepMC, has been modified accordingly.
1751 <li>The decay of Higgs and top resonances read in from Les Houches
1752 Event files is now performed with angular correlations as for
1753 internal processes. LHE files should normally contain all process-specific
1754 resonance decay chains and, if not, decays are made isotropic.
1755 The <ei>H -> WW/ZZ -> f fbar f' fbar'</ei> and
1756 <ei>t -> b W -> b f fbar</ei> correlations are process-independent,
1757 however, and thus can be handled internally. If part of the decay
1758 chain has already been set, e.g. <ei>H -> WW/Z></ei> or <ei>t -> b W</ei>,
1759 then the subsequent decays are still isotropic.</li>
1761 <li>Updated instructions how to link to HepMC,
1762 in <code>README.HepMC</code>.</li>
1764 <li>Bug fix in the turn-on of resolved diffraction for low
1765 CM energies. Thanks to Erwin Visser.</li>
1767 <li>Bug fix in the handling of string junctions at very high energies,
1768 caused by numerical errors. Thanks to Erwin Visser.</li>
1770 <li>Some other small changes, mainly aesthetics.</li>
1775 <li>8.165: 8 May 2012
1778 <li>The MBR (Minimum Bias Rockefeller) model for single, double and
1779 central diffraction <ref>Cie12</ref> is included as new option
1780 <aloc href="Diffraction"><code>Diffraction:PomFlux = 5</code></aloc>.
1781 It is specifically intended for <ei>p p</ei> and <ei>pbar p</ei>
1782 interactions, and is currently the only option that also supports
1783 central diffraction. Thus the basic machinery for Central Diffraction
1784 (a.k.a. Double Pomeron Exchange) has now been implemented.
1785 See <code>examples/main04.cc</code> for an example.
1786 Thanks to Robert Ciesielski for contributing the new code.
1789 <li>For a <ei>tau</ei> lepton in an external process, by default the
1790 SPINUP number in the Les Houches Accord now is interpreted as giving
1791 the <ei>tau</ei> helicity, and is used for its decay.</li>
1793 <li>A <ei>tau</ei> coming from a <ei>W</ei> now defaults to being purely
1794 lefthanded when neither of the existing matrix elements apply.</li>
1796 <li>Decay mode <ei>t -> H+ b</ei> included as an option.</li>
1798 <li>Four ATLAS tunes have been implemented as options for
1799 <code>Tune:pp</code>: A2-minbias-mstw2008lo, AU2-cteq6l1, AU2-mstw2008lo,
1800 and AU2-ct10. The new flag <code>Tune:preferLHAPDF</code> can be used
1801 to switch between the LHAPDF and the internal implementation of a
1802 PDF set, in cases where both are available.</li>
1804 <li>Reorder libraries in <code>examples/Makefile</code>, specifically
1805 move <code>LIBGZIP</code> so that it is properly linked when used.
1806 Thanks to Erik Schnetter.</li>
1808 <li>Minor modification so that LHAPDF can be used for PDFs in the hard
1809 process, with one of the built-in PDFs for the rest, even if LHAPDF is
1810 compiled so as to handle only one concurrent PDF set.</Li>
1812 <li>Bug fix, that <code>ParticleDecays:mixB = off</code> did not
1813 switch off <ei>B0 - B0bar</ei> and <ei>Bs0 - Bs0bar</ei> mixing.
1814 Thanks to James Catmore.</li>
1816 <li>Bug fix for the handling of gluon polarization of initial-state
1817 radiation, where an anisotropic azimuthal distribution was inadvertently
1818 generated in some <ei>2 -> 1</ei> processes. The update also includes
1819 always setting the second daughter zero for the two partons coming in to
1820 a hard <ei>2 -> 1</ei> process. Thanks to Antonio Policicchio.</li>
1822 <li>Bug fix, that the setting of the number of user hooks MPI steps did
1823 not use <code>UserHooks::canVetoMPIStep()</code> properly.</li>
1825 <li>Some other small changes, mainly documentation and aesthetics.</li>
1830 <li>8.170: 21 September 2012
1833 <li>Streamline default behaviour and options for choice of GeV or MeV
1834 for output to the HepMC event format, see
1835 <aloc href="HepMCInterface">HepMC Interface</aloc>.
1836 Also set the mass of HepMC particles explicitly, rather than having
1837 it calculated implicitly. Thanks to James Monk and Andy Buckley.</li>
1839 <li>The <ei>tau</ei> decay machinery has been further augmented with
1840 matrix elements and form factors for a variety of decay modes, such
1841 that all modes with a branching ratio above 0.1% are fully modelled.
1842 Several new classes and methods have been added to this end,
1843 Also, a <ei>tau</ei> pair coming from a <ei>Z^0</ei> decay is now
1844 handled by assuming the <ei>Z^0</ei> to be unpolarized when neither
1845 of the existing matrix elements apply. Taus coming from B baryons are
1846 handed as for B mesons.</li>
1848 <li>Flavour violating decays have been added to the squark, gluino,
1849 neutralino and chargino decay tables.</li>
1851 <li>Extend the <code>UserHooks::subEvent(...)</code> method so that it
1852 also works passably at the process level. Also new option for
1853 <code>UserHooks::omitResonanceDecays(...)</code>.</li>
1855 <li>New methods <code>UserHooks::canVetoPartonLevelEarly()</code>
1856 and <code>UserHooks::doVetoPartonLevelEarly( const Event&)</code>
1857 are intended to be used the same way as the existing ones without
1858 <code>Early</code> in their names, but allow veto right after
1859 the ISR + FSR + MPI evolution, before beam remnants are added and
1860 resonance decays are considered.</li>
1862 <li>Central diffraction now available for all
1863 <code><aloc href="Diffraction">PomFlux</aloc></code>
1864 options, not only the MBR model. This has been constructed by analogy
1865 with the respective assumptions made for single diffraction, but
1866 includes some arbitrariness. Therefore the cross section is left
1867 easily rescaleable and, for backwards compatibility with tunes
1868 that does not contain it, easily possible to switch off, see
1869 the <aloc href="TotalCrossSections">relevant section</aloc>.
1872 <li>Reading of ALPGEN parameter and event files has been added,
1873 see <aloc href="AlpgenAndMLM">ALPGEN and MLM Merging</aloc>.
1876 <li>MLM matching has been added, as a first step for ALPGEN events,
1877 see <aloc href="AlpgenAndMLM">ALPGEN and MLM Merging</aloc>.
1880 <li>The CKKW-L merging machinery has been upgraded in a number of respects.
1881 <br/>- More thorough treatment of <code>pp>bb~e+e-veve~</code> with
1882 additional <ei>b</ei>-jets.
1883 <br/>- Corrected hard <ei>mu_r</ei> and <ei>mu_f</ei> choices for
1884 dijet and promt photon.
1885 <br/>- More ways to define a hard process, e.g. with the LEPTONS and
1886 NEUTRINO tags. The merging will understand LHE files for mixed processes
1887 (e.g. <ei>W+</ei> and <ei>W-</ei> production together).
1888 <br/>- More merging scale definitions.
1889 <br/>- More freedom to generate all possible histories.
1890 <br/>- Internal check (and cut) on Les Houches events in
1891 <code>Pythia::mergeProcess</code> if merging scale value of the events
1892 is below the value given to Pythia by setting <code>Merging::TMS</code>.
1895 <li>It now works to have R-parity violating decays of R-hadrons,
1896 i.e. baryon number violation in a vertex displaced from the primary
1899 <li>The documentation of diffractive processes by the
1900 <code><aloc href="EventInformation">Info</aloc></code>
1901 methods has been expanded and corrected. This also include the
1902 <code>list()</code> method.</li>
1904 <li>Particle masses and widths have been updated to agree with the
1905 2012 RPP values <ref>Ber12</ref>. Thanks to Piotr Zyla for data file
1906 and James Catmore for program to update the PYTHIA tables from this
1909 <li>New methods <code>jetAssignment</code> and <code>removeJet</code>
1910 added to the <code>SlowJet</code> class.</li>
1912 <li>Introduce angular correlation in decay chain
1913 <ei>H -> gamma Z0 -> gamma f fbar</ei>. Thanks to Tim Barklow and
1914 Michael Peskin.</li>
1916 <li>Introduce simple way to bias the selection of <ei>2 -> 2</ei>
1917 processes towards larger <ei>pT</ei> values, with a compensatingly
1918 decreasing event weight, see
1919 <aloc href="PhaseSpaceCuts">Phase Space Cuts</aloc>. Only offers a
1920 subset of the possibilities allowed by <code>UserHooks</code>,
1921 but simpler to use. The <code>main08.cc</code> program has been
1922 expanded to illustrate this possibility, and also expanded to
1923 include low-<ei>pT</ei> subsamples.</li>
1925 <li>The two remaining non-NLO tunes from <ref>ATL12</ref> are now
1928 <li>The <code><aloc href="EventInformation">Info</aloc></code> methods
1929 <code>nTried, nSelected, nAccepted, sigmaGen</code> and
1930 <code>SigmaErr</code> now takes the code of an individual process
1931 as an optional argument.</li>
1933 <li>It is now possible to generate resonance decays, followed by
1934 showers and hadronization, without having them associated with any
1935 specific process. This is part of an expanded
1936 <aloc href="HadronLevelStandalone">Hadron-Level Standalone</aloc>
1937 machinery, as before triggered by <code>ProcessLevel = off</code>,
1938 but additionally requiring <code>Standalone:allowResDec = on</code>.
1939 Input can either be directly into the <code>event</code>
1940 event record or via a (simplified) Les Houches Event File.</li>
1942 <li>New <code>configure</code> script options <code>--installdir</code>,
1943 <code>--prefix</code> and <code>--datadir</code> can be used to set the
1944 location(s) to which the library, header and data directories
1945 will be copied by a <code>make install</code> subsequent to the
1946 <code>make</code>. Thanks to Mikhail Kirsanov.</li>
1948 <li>Fix charge in antiparticle name when particle read in from SLHA
1949 file. Thanks to Johan Alwall.</li>
1951 <li>Pointers now only compared with == and != (not e.g. > 0), to avoid
1952 warnings in gcc 4.7.</li>
1954 <li>New check that version number of the code matches that of the
1955 XML files. If not, no events can be generated. Thanks to James Monk
1956 for suggestion.</li>
1958 <li>New check that mother and daughter indices have been set to give
1959 a consistent event history. Can be switched on/off with the new
1960 <code>Check:history</code> flag.</li>
1962 <li>A new method <code>LHAup::newEventFile</code> has been added to
1963 switch to reading in events from another LHE file without having to
1964 reinitialize the whole class. Lower-level routines like
1965 <code>openFile</code> and <code>closeFile</code> have been added to
1966 handle correct order of operations also when an intermediate gzip
1967 decompression step is involved.</li>
1969 <li><code>LHAup::eventLHEF()</code> can now be called with an optional
1970 argument <code>false</code>, to make event files somewhat smaller by
1971 reducing the amount of blanks.</li>
1973 <li>A new mode <code>Beams:nSkipLHEFatInit</code> introduced to
1974 skip ahead the first few events in a Les Houches Event File (cf. the
1975 <code>LHAup::skipEvent(nSkip)</code> method).</li>
1977 <li>Introduce a new pair of user hooks that can be used to reject
1978 the sequence of hard-process resonance decays, without rejecting
1979 the production of the primary resonances.</li>
1981 <li>The possibility of separate multiplicative prefactors to the
1982 renormalization and factorization default <ei>pT^2</ei> scale has been
1983 introduced for both timelike and spacelike showers.</li>
1985 <li>Bug fixes in history information for R-hadron production, which also
1986 fixes HepMC conversion in this case.</li>
1988 <li>Bug corrected in <code>SigmaSusy.cc</code>, for chargino+neutralino
1989 production. Indexing error for incoming quark states in the process
1990 <code>Sigma2qqbar2charchi0</code>, resulted in incorrect CKM factors.</li>
1992 <li>Corrected a bug in <code>SusyLesHouches.cc</code>, for NMSSM spectra.
1993 The unitarity check on the neutralino mixing matrix was faulty, leading
1994 to erroneous messages about unitarity violations and SUSY being switched
1997 <li>Bug fixes in the handling of resolved and unresolved diffractive events.
1998 Thanks to Robert Ciesielski for debug.</li>
2000 <li>Do not set up FSR dipoles for <ei>2 -> 1</ei> processes.</li>
2002 <li>Check that some channel open for resonance decays. Also further
2003 check whether resonance decay treatment should be invoked.</li>
2005 <li>Bug fix in reading of particle names from SLHA input.</li>
2007 <li>Change mass, width and decay mode(s) of D*_s(10431). Thanks to
2010 <li>Bug fix in leptoquark production (lepton sign in
2011 <ei>q g -> LQ l</ei>).</li>
2013 <li>New argument added to <code>SpaceShower::reassignBeamPtrs</code>
2014 for diffractive event processing, as already available for
2015 <code>TimeShower</code>.</li>
2017 <li>Do not write warnings in <code>SpaceShower</code> for weights
2018 above unity if the evolution scale is below 1 GeV^2.</li>
2020 <li>Add default values for member variables in some constructors,
2021 and some related changes for <code>AlphaStrong</code> code.</li>
2023 <li>Warn if negative-energy parton in hadronization.</li>
2025 <li>The MPI <ei>pT</ei> values assumed in the beam remnant setting
2026 of primordial <ei>kT</ei> and colour reconnection probability were
2027 incorrect for diffractive events.</li>
2029 <li>The arrays with MPI information were not reset when parton or
2030 hadron level fails and a new try is made. Only affected few events.</li>
2032 <li>MPI statistics can not yet be accumulated for diffractive events,
2033 and therefore the relevant routine is no longer called.</li>
2035 <li>Bug fix in the double parton scattering suppression from
2036 energy-momentum conservation.</li>
2038 <li>Outgoing proton masses were not set in the event record for
2039 elastic scattering (but kinematics handling was correct).</li>
2041 <li>Bug fixes in the identification and documentation of junctions,
2042 previously leading to some unnecessarily rejected events. Also
2043 other improvements leading to fewer errors.</li>
2045 <li>Slightly increased values for FragmentationSystems:mJoin and
2046 StringFragmentation::FACSTOPMASS to reduce failure rate, without
2047 noticeably affecting event properties.</li>
2049 <li>The Les Houches cross section error is now taken into account
2050 in the final Pythia error for strategies +-3. New methods
2051 <code>LHAup::xSecSum()</code> and <code>LHAup::xErrSum()</code>
2052 provide the necessary information.
2055 <li>When a tau pair comes from a massless photon, in dipole shower
2056 evolution, for the decay description the mother photon is reassigned
2057 to have the sum of the tau momenta.</li>
2059 <li>Minor change in initialization sequence for user hooks,
2060 to allow for more flexibility.</li>
2062 <li>Do not print warnings when multiparton interaction weights are
2063 only slightly above unity.</li>
2065 <li>Do not write warnings for three known particles that are so close
2066 to threshold that widths are switched off to avoid trouble.</li>
2068 <li>Some minor typographical changes.</li>
2076 <!-- Copyright (C) 2012 Torbjorn Sjostrand -->